Frankenstein: Movie Vs. Book Essay

Frankenstein has been done and redone many many times. The most recent version starring Kenneth Branagh, who also directed it, and Robert DeNiro has many differences when compared to the original story. Mary Shelley?s original story provided a story line for the imagination of the filmmaker, making the movie related to the original story but also unique in itself. For the most part, if one were to only watch the movie they would have a fairly good sense of the book. There are many minor details which are different from the in the book and movie. One of the most apparent differences between the book and the movie is the actual appearance of the monster. In the book the monster is described having ?yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of lustrous black, and flowing, his teeth of pearly whiteness?watery eyes?shriveled complexion and straight black lips (35). In the movie the monster looked completely different than the description that the book provided. In the movie, the monster?s hair was not black rather it was brown. It had absolutely no ?flow? to it because it was cut very short. His skin was no yellow at all, rather he was a bit pale. Also his teeth did not stand out as pearly white. They were in fact white but nothing too noticeable. He did not seem to be a very muscular man as he was described in the book. His lips were not straight black, but were lips like regular people had. The filmmakers did do a great job distorting the monsters face. Also, in the book, the reader got a feeling that the monster had human like characteristics. The monster seemed to have a heart and to love and want to be around people (but he just could not be), while in the movie the monster seemed much meaner and less friendlily. Caroline and Elizabeth?s characters were a little bit different in the movie. In the book the picture of Caroline was found in a locket while in the movie it was just the picture found. Also in the book Caroline died from Scarlet Fever, while in the book she died at childbirth. In the book Elizabeth?s hair is described as being blonde, while in the movie her was brown.  Differences such as these did not take away from the movie. Elizabeth?s death was portrayed very differently in the movie than in the book. In the book the monster punched her chest and ripped out her heard and then threw her in a fire. The scene was very graphic. The scene in the book was not as graphic. There was no way that it could have been as graphic because the monster killed Elizabeth in the way he killed all the other by strangling her to death. In the movie after her death Victor cannot forgive himself and decides to bring her back to life, with her head and Justine?s body. The movie was dramatically different from the book because in the book he does not bring her back to life at all. Also in the movie when Victor brings her back to life, the monster thinks that he has created her for him and they have a little battle over her. Nothing like this happened in the book. Another minor detail that was not mentioned in the movie was that Victor had a brother named Ernest. This minor detail did not take away from the movie at all. What was a little bit different was that in the book Victor and Henry Clerval went to school together as young boys, while in the movie they meet at the University. In the book Henry Clerval dies and in the movie he does not. A bigger difference was that in the book Alphonso Frankenstein, Victor?s father just died, and in the movie the monster killed him. In the book the Victors father was a businessman and in the movie the father was a doctor, which was pretty different but it was not a dramatic difference. In the book Victor traveled to England and Scotland and in the book they did not show this. He was also jailed and then his father came to get him, but in the movie he did not spend any time in jail. There are many differences from the book and the movie. Most of the differences were very minor and did not make the story much different. But the few differences that were dramatically different had a big effect on the movies plot.

Critique on Genetically Modifying Humans Essay

Richard Hayes has written about a topic that most of us have rarely heard about, but have probably seen in a movie once before. In the 1950’s, after Watson and Crick had discovered DNA structures, it was predicted that one day we would be able to genetically enhance our children. Since this prediction, scientists have been discovering specific genes that can alter such areas as: reduction of the risk of depression, potentially doubling life span, growing taller and so forth. Richard goes on to mention that the possibilities of genetic modifications are great, since there are 30,000 genes in the human genome. Mr Hayes sites these claims of genome bioengineering from science magazine articles, University scientific studies, and biotech pharmaceutical company reports. On the same breath, as he talks about all the miracles that can be accomplished by these high tech advancements, he describes the dark side of leveraging these breakthroughs. Richard worries about this technology only being used to prevent medical conditions and not for a hugely profitable cosmetic and enhancement consumer product. Once the first genetically modified child is born, it could lead to a chain of events that could never be undone or controlled. This new wave of bioengineered humans would no longer be playing by the rules of natural selection we all know. These new super humans could regard the non-genetically modified humans as inferior and see themselves as the masters. This potentially can lead the world into dark ages, where they would be the masters and everyone else, their slaves. Hayes certainly does make some bold claims, but most of which are backed by reputable scientific data. He references University of California studies, where it has been proven that genes are related to life span. When it comes to the potential for genome engineering, each of Hayes logical arguments is supported by a credible source. When it comes to genetically modifying â€Å"things†, we hear about it all the time. Now-a-days, we hear about the miracles of stem cell research, cloning your dog and genetically modified foods. What Hayes is speaking of sounds completely plausible. The next step after successfully bioengineering your food, would be to bioengineer your family pet, then your children. I would want a dog that doesn’t chew up my slippers, dig holes in my garden; or a child that was immune to disease and had a perfect memory. Wouldn’t you? This technology would have to be made available to every person on the planet. If it were not available to all, it probably would be misused, in a multitude of ways. I do think this is something we must do. We must keep progressing as a species, even if it means engineering ourselves. We could engineer our kids to be extremely intelligent, live twice as long and be immune to disease. How else are we going to explore the cosmos to discover a new planet to settle on? This article started off as an intriguing read and ended up in a dark twisted world, more like something you would see in a sci-fi movie. It is hard to say how things would exactly play out, if we allowed gene modification. Richard makes all sorts of assumptions about how the world would turn out if it is allowed. He talks about how it would be impossible to allow everyone access to this technology. A few years ago a team of academics gathered to try and figure out a way to make this possible. They determined that it would not be feasible to bring the new eugenic technologies to everyone. How do they know this to be? Once this technology is perfected and ready for mass production, it could be as cheap as an entry level cell phone these days.

Non verbal Communication Essay

Good communication is the foundation of successful relationships, both personal and professional. But we communicate with much more than words. Most of the messages we send other people are nonverbal. Nonverbal communication includes our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, posture, and tone of voice. The ability to understand and use nonverbal communication, or body language, is a powerful tool that can help you connect with others, express what you really mean, navigate challenging situations, and build better relationships. What is nonverbal communication and body language? Nonverbal communication, or body language, is a vital form of communication—a natural, unconscious language that broadcasts our true feelings and intentions in any given moment, and clues us in to the feelings and intentions of those around us. When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive wordless signals. All of our nonverbal behaviors—the gestures we make, the way we sit, how fast or how loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make—send strong messages. These messages don’t stop when you stop speaking either. Even when you’re silent, you’re still communicating nonverbally. Oftentimes, what we say and what we communicate through body language are two totally different things. When faced with these mixed signals, the listener has to choose whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal message, and, in most cases, they’re going to choose nonverbal. Why nonverbal communication matters The way you listen, look, move, and react tells the other person whether or not you care, if you’re being truthful, and how well you’re listening. When your nonverbal signals match up with the words you’re saying, they increase trust, clarity, and rapport. When they don’t, they generate tension, mistrust, and confusion. If you want to communicate better in all areas of your life, it’s important to become more sensitive to body language and other nonverbal cues, so you can be more in tune with the thoughts and feelings of others. You also need to be aware of the signals you’re sending off, so you can be sure that the messages you’re sending are what you really want to communicate. Types of nonverbal communication and body language There are many different types of nonverbal communication. Together, the following nonverbal signals and cues communicate your interest and investment in others. Facial expressions The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures. Body movements and posture Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk, stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourself communicates a wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements. Gestures Gestures are woven into the fabric of our daily lives. We wave, point, beckon, and use our hands when we’re arguing or speaking animatedly—expressing ourselves with gestures often without thinking. However, the meaning of gestures can be very different across cultures and regions, so it’s important to be careful to avoid misinterpretation. Eye contact Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging the other person’s response. Touch We communicate a great deal through touch. Think about the messages given by the following: a firm handshake, a timid tap on the shoulder, a warm bear hug, a reassuring pat on the back, a patronizing pat on the head, or a controlling grip on your arm. Space Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other  person was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy, aggression, dominance, or affection. Voice It’s not just what you say, it’s how you say it. When we speak, other people â€Å"read† our voices in addition to listening to our words. Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as â€Å"ahh† and â€Å"uh-huh.† Think about how tone of voice, for example, can indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence. How nonverbal communication can go wrong It takes more than words to create satisfying, strong relationships. Nonverbal communication has a huge impact on the quality of your personal and professional relationships. What you communicate through your body language and nonverbal signals affects how others see you, how well they like and respect you, and whether or not they trust you. Unfortunately, many people send confusing or negative nonverbal signals without even knowing it. When this happens, both connection and trust are damaged.

Themes in the novel The Color Purple Research Paper

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Global social justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Global social justice - Essay Example When one comes to exactly defining what is meant by ‘social justice’ and deciding what means should be used to achieve the objective of greater social justice, however, it soon becomes apparent that there are many different perspectives on the subject and no clear consensus can be found. Even such self-evidently useful work such as emergency relief in disaster areas, and various kinds of humanitarian interventions in economically weaker areas by charity organisations, can be challenged on the grounds that these activities can have as many bad effects as good effects, and they very often it deal with short term crises and exacerbate longer term problems. This paper traces the history of social (in)justice as a concept and defines different approaches to it. There follows an exploration of the potential for applying some of these approaches and definitions in the context of contemporary globalisation. The role of charity is considered, examining the ways that charity inter ventions influence different societies economically, politically and socially. Finally the potential of charity as a strategy in addressing global social (in)justice is evaluated, concluding that charity can and does have a role to play in addressing social (in)justice but that there are a number of common pitfalls that must be avoided, notably imperialist tendencies inherited from the past. The history of social (in)justice as a concept. ... Following Miller’s line of argument it is important to note that the main point of this kind of justice, as opposed to criminal or retributive justice, is that it looks forward to what can and should be done in society, rather than looking back at what has been done and trying to make amends for conflicts, harms and problems that have arisen in the past. If social justice has a backward facing side to it, then it is only in so far as it looks at apparent social injustice and seeks ways of removing or lessening this in favour of social justice. When western civilisations began to adopt an industrialised and urban style of living, new kinds of problems began to beset society. Poverty, overcrowding and huge differences between the owners of lands and businesses and those who struggled to make a living in them made it very obvious that the people who were doing most of the work were not receiving most of the rewards. Because of the inherent power differential between people, there was a tendency for the rich to get richer and the poor to get poorer. So it was that liberal businessmen began to set up housing, education, fair wages and other benefits for their workers. The idea was that providing basic commodities would free people up to take advantage of a wider range of opportunities in their lives. This paternalistic and utilitarian approach to social justice reigned throughout the Victorian period in Britain and great progress was made in setting down rules for the employment and remuneration of people. Thanks to this kind of intervention some of the worst and most exploitative of practices, including slavery and child labour were eventually abolished. In their place emerged compulsory

Journal 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journal 3 - Essay Example n almost unanimously agree,† Adding that, â€Å"Debates over immigration can continue for decades, resulting in significant policy changes without -- or even in opposition to -- presidential leadership. Scholars point to the lengthy debates of the 1840s and 1850s, when nativists particularly feared the growing political power of Irish Roman Catholics. From roughly 1880 through 1930, the "new immigrants" from Asia and Southern and Eastern Europe provoked many Americans into predictions of what they called racial "mongrelization.",† (Gabaccia, p.1). In consideration of the high level of immigrants which traveled to the Americas long ago and to a certain extent to this day, it is quite intriguing to see the lack of discussion that occurs on a political level as it comes to the debate over such an issue that possesses great historical relevance to the history of any nation, including the United States. In the case of current debate, often times the subject of immigration is placed heavily on the issue of border control between neighboring countries. When it comes to choosing political candidates, it becomes quite commonplace to view them first in foremost through such means as categorizing based on ethnic background, nationality, or even gender. Despite the continued desire among many to see those who live within the borders of the United States through such means that are not legal, it continues to be an issue for discussion that appears to have no clear cut way for attempting to solve the matter at all. In the end, â€Å"Race, ethnicity, religion, and nativity can fig-ure prominently in presidential campaigns precisely because they symbolize the depth of contradictions in the shifting political coalitions that uneasily unite national parties. That was certainly the case in 1928. It is equally true today,† (Gabaccia, p.2). One of the basic things which many take for granted is that of the chance to wear what we want and to do so when we please. Such

Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Paper - Essay Example The sculptures were to serve as funerary shrines to the Medici. The strength of curved Michelangelos sculptures reflected on an intricate symbolism of Human Life. Based on the symbolisms, contemplative life and active life interact to liberate the soul after death. The philosophical concept was closely linked to Michelangelos own spiritual beliefs. The architectural prowess displayed by Michelangelo, within the new sacristy was simply amazing. In the new sacristy is where one can see Michelangelo’s prowess as an architect rather than a sculptor or painter. The construction of the structure was inspired by the design of pantheon dome located in Rome. The domed ceiling in the new sacristy was a replica of a scaled down version of the pantheon dome. Michelangelo admired the beauty, harmony and elegance displayed within pantheon dome and this he used as an inspiration in the new sacristy construction and design. It is at the entrance of the new sacristy where the tombs of Lorenzo the magnificent and his brother Guiliano lie in a simple stone

How Does Advertising Effect People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How Does Advertising Effect People - Essay Example As the essay declares in the ancient time ‘word of mouth’ was the most popular way of advertisements, today with the intervention of media and internet, advertisement has become an easy and popular mode of providing information. Advertising has different effects on people, it changes their prospective on what is, and what is not, worth buying, what they buy and when they buy it. Advertising affects people in what they do and how they do it. This report stresses that advertising alone, however, does not get customers. It simply catches consumers’ attention, gets them to walk up to a shelf, and make an impulsive purchase. However, getting the customer back requires a more creative marketing approach. Today advertisers are into more of market research to analyze the consumers’ behaviors, likes, and dislikes. The most popular method is tests and surveys, both before and after a product is introduced. Telephone surveys are very common. Along with those, written questionnaires and samples, either handed out in stores or sent by mail, are effective tests to see if consumers like a product or not. Such kind of market researches gives consumers ample opportunity to put forth their views and also helps the firm to improve the product to satisfy the needs of the consumer. Companies also check whether the ads are being productive by means of comparing the money made and number of sales during periods of advertising to those during a time of no advertising. Some companies even allow average consumers to preview a commercial to get a response.

Doing gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Doing gender - Essay Example We understand in this it is not so much an achievement. Also gender can be achieved only till the very early years after which it becomes static and unchangeable. The second term ‘constructed’ is perhaps of most importance to both anthropologists and social scientists who constantly lay bare the various apparatus working within a societal unit, be it a family, a state or a community which defines behaviour codes pertinent to a certain gender and anomalous to another. In this paper we shall take up the character of Monica Geller from the sitcom that gave television a trailblazer Friends and see how gender is constructed everyday through actions, through pre-conceived notions and through popular belief. The T.V show Friends had been on air from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004. During the course of which we saw the development and bonding of six friends Chandler Bing, Rachel Green, Phoebe Buffay, Monica Geller, Ross Geller and Joey Tribbiani. For a better understanding of the issue we shall deal in it becomes imperative to discuss in a nutshell the kind of relationship that the six friends share. Monica Geller and Ross Geller are siblings, Monica being the younger, Rachel is her high school friend who was dated by many guys unlike her. Ross too had a crush on Rachel in those days. Ross and Chandler are friends from college. Chandler who lives across the hall from Monica shares his apartment with an aspiring television actor Joey Tribbiani. Phoebe we learn later had been Monica’s roommate who had moved out but remained friends. From the very first episode Monica appears to be unlike her delicate form. Her personality exudes an aura of extreme strength. Her nature is extremely over powering and she’s used to getting her way in everything. She seems to be weather-beaten in that she knows the world more than her friend Rachel Green who in the pilot episode comes out as someone to whom the only way of not depending on the parents was by get ting married. This very idea accorded to Rachel is also gender specific. Even though we laugh at the momentary humour, it is in fact a gender construction that pretty women(or for that matter women in general) can spend their lives without having to earn their bread by depending on the patriarchy which primarily constitutes of the father and later the husband. That Rachel had been moulded into such an idea is also a form of interpellation by the society. That she finds nothing wrong with it her acceptance of her gender role as daughter and wife (in both cases dependant) is her way of accepting a concept of gender which is simply constructed. In contrast Monica who is said to be bossy and competitive is portrayed as a type which in the later seasons would verge on tomboyishness and trace back its roots to her obesity in her school years and the second-shot treatment she always received from her parents who would be too busy doting on their first born Ross. This preference of the male child over the female child is the most obvious kind of gender differentiation. But that Monica decides to fight back instead of accepting her place as the ‘second’

Benefits of Flexibility Development Training Research Paper

Benefits of Flexibility Development Training - Research Paper Example An athlete can only develop his or her flexibility if he or she trains regularly. The primary purpose of training is that it helps the athlete move his or her joint via its complete range of motion. Flexibility is arguably the most highly adaptable fitness that helps the athlete improve his or motion in athletics activities. Past studies show that the more an athlete carries out flexibility programs in the training reduces the incidence of injuries ("Flexibility Exercises for Young Athletes-OrthoInfo - AAOS", 2017). This is due to the increased ability to move unimpeded via a broader range of motion. But it is worth to note that an athlete should not carry out an excessive or unstable range of motion during flexibility programs to avoid the likelihood of getting injured. If an athlete carries out appropriate flexibility training, he or she can become more in tune with his or body. Additionally, it helps an athlete form an active relaxation which can help improve both physical and men tal recovery.

Discuss the challenges from the introduction and implementation of Essay

Discuss the challenges from the introduction and implementation of information systems in public sector organisations, using two - Essay Example Data warehouses on the other hand give certain personnel the ability to review the operations of people using their data transmitters. The private sector is a sector that has a lot of funds from the fact that the proprietors and the board members of these companies get their capital from their long periods of existence in the various fields. It is important for these people to work hand in hand with public organizations to ensure that they offer their assistance with regard to information and data improvement in the information systems field. These personnel ought to have the qualifications and ethical stature required for this responsibility and with an increase in under-qualified people, civilians feel threatened by the ware houses which is understandable (Ross, 2011, 62). One way through which private enterprises make it far is through their highly efficient and developed data warehouses. Data Warehouses are very important in the running of business. It is important to understand that the private sector can assist the public sector with human resource in this as they have the ability to hire highly educated and experienced technicians with regard to the systems (Bouwman, 2008). Depending on the type of business that one intends to run, there are various sources that the data warehouse can get its data (Brown, 2011, 89). The type of business to major in this case is an alcohol manufacturing company. An example of a source is the Bureau of Labor and Statistics. This is an organization that majors in the identification of the labor market and the various traits that it exhibits. This is with regard to the notion that the area bears with regards to alcohol. Another example is the Census bureau of the location where one identifies the types of people in the area in an effort to recognize the market intended. The type of people in the location might be young mothers and children which definitely offsets any plans of having huge profits in the alcohol industry. The assumptions to be made when introducing such a company is ensuring that the people in the industry are free drinkers and do not have a specific drinking time. This can come in as a vital factor in ensuring that even more sources due to a wider net of information availability. The best decision support applications that can be incorporated in the running of the alcohol business is by cloud computing. There are different kinds of cloud computing and the incorporation of all of them in the company leads to a well established data warehouse. Applications that are cloud based are not easily acquired and thus the importance of getting a security system in the warehouse that can only enable several people to access the cloud (Resich, 2009, 46). The system is complex and yet easy to use. This is from the fact that these web based applications concerning the cloud can be accessed through various simple means. One of these is the use of websites whereby the business owner even at his home, i f he has the expertise and understanding of the security system in the industry can manage to acquire all the information that he needs from the comfort of his workplace office or even at his home. The stated system comes in handy from the fact that the alcohol business has no limits and given the previous assumption that the business is free, people are always busy purchasing alcohol and the cloud

Csr in Foxconn Essay Example for Free

Csr in Foxconn Essay More and more companies are investing in China, to share the incredible profit generate from the 1.4 trillion people. One of the US based company, which its going to invest 35% of its stake, to a fast growing China private-owned timber flooring company. Like most local Chinese company, CSR is not implementing in that company as well as no management working on it. Generally speaking, CSR (Corporate Social Responsibilities) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrates into business model, in which a company monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of law, ethical standard and international norms. Although this timber company has high growth in the market and generate good profit, it may easily pose a risk to investor if they are not pay attention to social and environmental issues. Below summaries would like to analyst the potential impacts may arise from different parties such as employees, consumers, environment, and communities and how they may be affected by the decision. First of all, its no doubt that employee are the basic component of an industry. By taking measures from the Social Accountabilities 8000 (SA8000), they should consider if the company has employed child labor. Child labor is very popular in China and other developing countries like Guatemala especially industry like involving agricultural and manufacturing that need high working force. It may violate the law and damage the company brand easily. Other than legal extend, an interesting figure showed that (www.DoWellDoGood.net), 83% of the employee will leave the job if their employer used child labor. Obvious, child labor nowadays give more harm than good, instead, providing wellness program for employee and their families create certain shared value that they will love more the company in both mentally and physically. Moreover, its also important that the firm should provide adequate safety working environment as well as organize enough safety training. It will certainly reduce the number of accidents occurs. In the early 80s, China had launched Social Security Fund, all companies must follow closely and provide all kinds of insurances to employees in order not to obstruct from the law and political issue. In addition, the company should encourage workers to form union and those who involve wont be discriminated. Because employee more involve in the discussion regarding payroll, community welfare and company development will surely increase their loyalty at all. The investor has to review all the working hours, salary standard and penalty and make sure its fair to everyone. Secondly, the investor should concern to the consumers feedback in which the company has to create customers satisfaction to their products. However, in this competitive world, many companies like to exaggerated the usage and beauty of their products to attract more customers by means of media as a communication platform. For this reason, the investor should review all these products advertisement that might cause harmful effect to the product brand name. Reputation of the timber flooring company takes years to come to the top five in China can be ruined in hours. One accident always cause in flooring industries may be the level of formaldehyde is so high that cause toxic to human. Heath problems always cause fatal to death of company. One of big scandal happened recently nearly killed AJISEN one of the ramen restaurant in which has been accused of making their broths using soup concentrate and cheap flavoring powders, known for a guarantee that all their soups come from a broth of pork bones simmered to perfection.(Patrick Keefe) Stock price of AJISEN drops from HK$17.82 to HK$9.32 (51.7%) within 2 weeks just right after the scandal and never climb back up until now. Indeed, customer are all likely the same, they only purchase goods they fell confidence by faith as choices are not the only one. Above example shows a warning signal that in case the company has listed in the stock market in the future. They have to take care much more than now on the CSR issues as media can spread out news within one day. Thirdly, the company should put more efforts not to interfere the environment. Recently, Chinese government has set up many laws to preserve environmental friendly after enter the WTO, ISO14000 standard is basic management standard that has to follow. Due to their factories including plantation, chemical working for production and raw material importation, there are a lot of chances may encounter to environmental dispute. As an investor, other than make sure correct documentations and license for environmental issue, they also have to study all the process in terms of energy use and logistics. Considering the firm has 50% of timber source globally and 10% of their customers are overseas, excess packaging of products and greenhouse gases are not just costly to the environment but also costly to the business. By reducing its packaging and cutting 100 million miles from the delivery routes of its trucks, Wal-Mart lowered carbon emissions and saved $200 million in cost. (Harvard Business Review). Above example shows typical how mutual benefits if we re-arrange business decision and enhance regulation reforms even just simple as logistic. Besides, China has a lot of tax reduction and funding approaches to achieve government supports by encouraging people to protect the nature. Furthermore, the investor should also pay attention to their suppliers. Not only to check if the imported products are fulfill the regulations but also review the availability and the ease of transportation as 50% outsourcing of the company is not a small figure to ignore. Above all, CSR is not a short term objective, the investor should set up a CSR team in the company for promoting and working for long term prospective. Its clearly that CSR is helping to build up the company brand far more easily than performing marketing and sales on timber flooring only. According to Harvard Business Review, Not all profit is equal. Profit involving a social purpose represent a higher form of capitalism, one that creates a positive cycle of company and community prosperity, its no doubt that customer will purchase more if the timber flooring shows green and if the company anticipate more social welfare activities. To conclude, the investor should immerse CSR into each employee and the community in order to enhance share value to form a mutually beneficial society.

The Controversial Topic Of Alcohol Advertisement

The Controversial Topic Of Alcohol Advertisement Do you know today the death number due to alcohol consumption in United Kingdom is 33,000 every year!(drinkaware.co.uk)And most of the blame goes to Alcohol advertisement, which has been always a controversial topic to discuss, some says it`s very much responsible for encouraging drinking and some says drinking is personal choice, but here it`s not the matter of does it encourage drinking or not, but is alcohol industry playing the role of being social responsible and following the ethics which people deserve to get? Alcohol advertisement has wipe out half of the advertisement industry, because alcohol is culturally welcomed and is on the tip of the tastes for people which also has its bad impression due to irresponsible and excessive drinking which turns out to be social shock, and has created adverse health and social consequences, sometimes to be long or short period. But here the basic concern is youth, who are the prime victim of alcohol and this tendency of alcohol consumption is key problem of every country today, but is alcohol advertisement are to be blamed for not being socially responsible and ethical? Today UK is has more strict voluntary codes for alcohol advertisement so that the boundary can be set up. However even after the strict voluntary codes are regulated for alcohol advertisement; the marketing and advertisement is blamed for this social shock, or alcohol industry is playing the positivity in the field of social responsibility, it`s very much important to understand where is the problem? Can we blame alcohol advertisement to encourage drinking or it is influence of culture and personal choice people make. With the use of qualitative and quantitative approach I have tried to reach the objective of my research. My research will discuss does alcohol advertisement is responsible enough to follows voluntary codes formulated and proving themselves socially and ethically responsible? And another important blame needed to be sorted out, is alcohol advertisement the right criteria to blame for encouraging drinking? What general of UK opinion about the fact of encouragement of alcohol consumption through advertisement? And what experts think about the issue? CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION: What is alcohol advertisement? Does that really deserve and answer, because controversial topics like that do not need an introduction but discussion! They are never out of discussion. Today some facts about alcohol advertisement said by an expert that every year alcohol industry spends 600 to 800 million pounds on advertising and promoting it products, professor Gerard Hastings OBE Director institute of social media When I heard alcohol advertisement! My first reaction towards it was challenging and soon I knew it was. The reason behind choosing a topic like this was practically exploring my knowledge in the field of marketing which will also allow myself to understand the real meaning of social responsibility and ethics, till now I have just read and heard them but I really doesnt know if they exist? This is the first time in my life I am doing something which I lead to anywhere and any direction and since the alcohol advertisement is the issue then it brings interest with it. UK does allow the allow alcohol advertisement with some limitation which are regulated in form of voluntary codes, where as in India the alcohol advertisement are totally restricted, and this gave me chance to explore alcohol advertisement and have a close look. My supervisor was a real inspiration as she knew that this issue will enlarge my knowledge of marketing and also the responsibility and ethics it holds within its elf. Billions of pounds are fritter on alcohol advertisement but in response of billions how much effort is put socially and ethically? Alcohol advertisement is always controversial and debatable topic and so people do have right to understand and being part of something like alcohol which has always showed them trouble, does alcohol industry follows all the voluntary codes stated for alcohol advertisement, is alcohol industry paying enough attention to the social responsibility come with promoting alcohol or they are still into earning shares and profit. Some people say its alcohol behind encouragement of alcohol consumption and some think is personal decision but if we look the both point of view if alcohol advertisement are made according to the voluntary codes set up then still the encouragement of drinking will be blamed on advertisement. But today even after strict voluntary codes and regulation it seems to be high drinking rate. So whom to blame alcohol advertisements or culture an d self desire of people? My research in this paper holds the two important questions which are really needed to be answered before things get out of our hands, firstly is alcohol advertisement socially and ethically responsible? And is alcohol advertisement right factor to blame for encouraging consumption of alcohol? UK has culture and beliefs which has high rate in alcohol consumption, the primary reasons behind alcohol is the effects which it gives; is increasing the high risk on health of people and giving birth to social problems like abusing , accidents, sexual harassments. And the more importantly the youth whose roots are being habitat by alcohol; it could be underage drinking consumption or over dose of alcohol consumption. So my research will focus on alcohol advertisement, but with limited issues covered in. one reason behind alcohol advertisement is that its ingredient of marketing, and marketing creates want in people, it give birth to desire, which doesnt specified wit h one product but all and since here alcohol is the product which has most of the time negative impact. Despite the fact marketing has connects world together and showed the reality of every entity present on this earth but it has given variety of reason of being dishonest. The function and practice of marketing has been criticised because it is claimed that it deliberately creates partial truths about products and services and exploits the fears and weaknesses of fellow human beings. Peter Drunker. Who should be really blamed? No one knows but thousand of researchers, experts, medical organizations, social worker have worked hard enough to reach to a point, however everyone has different way to look at the issue. To understand this issue there thousand of research and survey taken place with money spend but no one still knows what else could be done to stop this destroying of the generation who could not understand the responsible drinking and keeping it ahead of every entity in their lives. So with the limited reach I have conducted a research to know what these people actually think, about the alcohol advertisement and the impact it has on them and on the youth. PROBLEMS: May be after lining down some facts, will help me better to make understand the depth of the problem we have and how eagerly needs a solution. About 10 million people in England drink above the guidelines. UK has one of the highest rates of binge drinking in Europe. Up to 1 in 3 adult is at risk of lever disease due to alcohol consumption. 33,000 deaths in UK due to alcohol. (sources: www.drinkaware.co.uk) This is not the end but the start, these are just the symptoms and the problem is ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; which is one of the major causes to encourage alcohol consumption. There are various factors involved in encouragement of alcohol is starts from marketing, sports sponsorships , TV advertisement, movies, brands to cultural trend of UK which does has thrown out the fear of affects due to alcohol, parental inspirational to children. But if we look into more deep then alcohol marketing has more impact on alcohol consumption. So with bringing alcohol in light the two major issues which are taken care of is, Do alcohol advertisement following its social and ethical responsibilities by following the voluntary codes set up by United Kingdom? And the reason for which these restriction made on alcohol advertisement which is sending wrong message of encouraging alcohol advertisement does has any real story. Yes another problem is do alcohol advertisement encourage drinking? If we look into what are past and present problem lightened by experts, Advertising standards authority an self regulator of advertising across all media in UK, there records says that last year they received over 26,000 complaints which seemed to be complained due to breach the rules. As a result, nearly 2,500 ads were changed or withdrawn in 2008, thanks to a range of effective sanctions at our disposal and the cooperation of advertisers who respect our decisions. And on other hand the British medical Association says Alcohol consumption in the UK has increased rapidly in recent years, not just among young people, but across society. The population is drinking in increasingly harmful ways and the result is a range of avoidable medical, psychological and social harm, damaged lives and early deaths. As consumption has increased, the market for alcohol has grown substantially. This has been driven by vast promotional and marketing campaigns with the UK alcohol industry spending approx imately  £800m annually. (Source: BMA) there are thousands of problem which has been raised due to alcohol advertisement affects not only youth but people of UK too. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (Nice) has said the government should consider a complete ban on alcohol advertising in order to stop underage and binge drinking. (source: http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/1007168/Government-advisers-support-ban-alcohol-ads/) what I understand here is every advertisement is made to reach out the population and inform them about the product and sell it and earn profit, so can we really blame alcohol industry or UK government? It`s very much important the changing culture and trend which is adopted by our youth, by disrespecting their lives front of alcohol consumption. To understand and find a solution to this issue I have taken a research through qualitative and quantitative approach, so that the criteria can be fulfilled which needed by the alcohol advertisement, with my point of view and participants view on the issue I have tried to put down the solution and the key areas needed to be focused on. OBJECTIVE: The main intention of this research paper is to understand the alcohol advertisement, and what are the disadvantages, it has carried out toward the society. How its own function to reach people and convey them the message behind the product, has become the drawback. To find the explanation of blame on alcohol advertisement, and to what extend alcohol advertisement can be blame for encouraging alcohol consumption. With self understanding of the research I have outline the project with discussions and proves, as secondary data provided by experts. With the journey of finding the answers behind the controversies of alcohol advertisement METHODLOGY: With several methods and technique any kind of research can be conducted but by keeping in the mind that the issue like alcohol advertisement is very subjective, I have taken the help of both the research methods, qualitative( observation) and quantitative ( survey via questionnaire) and of course the with help of secondary data of experts. The reason behind choosing the observation is that it makes the research descriptive and involves the researcher itself which help them to understand the need of the research, and what are the further requirement which will make the research successful. Another method which is survey, which is conducted to complete the research, is because of one main advantage that it has the scientific approach which allows creating and designing the structure of the desired result with flexibility. Secondary data is something which is ready to use, and bring deep explanation to the research. The best advantage of secondary data is the time and cost effective verses primary data which need more expensive and time taking, and since I have gathered both primary and secondary data collection for the research paper. The basic reason to choose these methodologies, if we look into the first issue, does alcohol industry follows voluntary codes set up by UK government for alcohol advertisement? I have done observation and used secondary data to find the reason, as to find the answer to the question it was important to observe the advertisement broadcasting on television, public places, and to the places where a breach of code can be conducted. And use of secondary data was due to the journey which has been alcohol advertisement gone through; the changes which were made due to unsatisfied and controversy it has created. So this has given the observation of the experts and organization wh ich have involved them in this research too. And to find the answer of another issue is alcohol advertisement is to blame for encouraging drinking? This was more of psychological based issue which needed to be answered by the people of UK, though survey via questionnaire which is designed with flexible questions and with the space of opinion which can reflect their mentality of alcohol advertisement contribution in encouraging them to drink more, and again I have also taken help of secondary data which involves journals, articles, repots taken by expert. So my methodology for the research paper is combination of primary and secondary data which involves qualitative and quantitative research with following method like survey and observations. FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSION With giving out surveys to 100 people out of which 70 people responded about their opinion on alcohol advertisement, with the age group of 23 to 54 the survey was filled up and according to them it on them alcohol advertisement do not encourage drinking in the society they think its a personal choice, which they make! 90% of them are not aware of the alcohol advertisement voluntary codes, which are set up by UK government so basically its simple they even don`t know what is legally allowed in alcohol advertisement to be broadcasted. These were the finding of survey conducted in Cardiff city. This result of survey can be put down in two ways, first that the participants are not aware about the alcohol advertisement voluntary codes, which are set up for the society itself, for the protection from the misleading message alcohol advertisement were giving in past. And another finding which is very much psychological based is not accepting the fact that alcohol advertisement do encourage d rinking not in youth but in society too. IS ALCOHOL INDUSTRY RESPONSIBLE? What ASA wants to say? The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the UKs independent regulator of advertising across all media, including TV, internet, sales promotions and direct marketing. A recent survey conducted by ASA to ensure the alcohol advertisement are following alcohol advertising codes in 2008 2009 before December, during the period before Christmas the ASA`s compliance team supervised and assessed all the alcohol advertisements with all the content being used for promotion of alcohol across all the media from 1 to 24 December. The survey showed a very mush positive result, out of 307 alcohol advertisements which were monitored only one of them was contempt for breach of CAP code; and none of the advertisement breached BCAP codes. With overall conformity are of 99.7% and reveal an improvement year to year over 2007 and 2008 survey which were conducted before by ASA in a row, which is compliance rate of 97.4%(2007) and 98.9% (2008) were verified. The data projected by ASA shows MEDIA NO. of ads NO. of breaches Compliance rate of media PRESS 177 1 99.4% OUTDOOR 33 0 100% ONLINE 31 0 100% TV 50 0 100% RADIO 16 0 100% (Source by ASA) 2008 2009 According to ASA alcohol industry is the alcohol ads picked up in the survey sample between 1 December and 24 December 2009, 0.3% breached the CAP Code, a compliance rate of 99.7%. That is an encouraging result and suggests the industry is acting responsibly within the self-regulatory system. The result is an improvement on the compliance rate of 98.9% from the 2008 survey and 97.4% from the 2007 survey. ASA But can we be relaxed after the data representations by ASA, if we really not need to be worried after this result then what expression, will one have after this well projected alcohol advertisement: Is this answerable? Is responsibility reflecting? In the recent discovery by expert Gerard hasting, there were some producer who were found guilty in terms of neglecting voluntary codes setup for alcohol advertisement, he says as UK has chose for self regulatory control system which basically focuses on content of alcohol advertisement, and all this work is regulated by ASA, alcohol standard association and as the part of its alcohol inquiry, Gerard hasting found evidences which proves that the communication agencies and producer were targeting youth , and promoting alcohol. With some marketing document in hand following producers were found guilty to be breach the codes for alcohol advertisement. PRODUCER BRAND COMMUNICATION AGENCY BEVERAGE BRANDS WKD (AN ALCOPOP) BIG COMMUNICATIONS BIRAY LEINO PR FIVE BY FIVE(DIGITAL) DIAGEO SMIRNOFF VODKA AKQA JWT HALEWOOD INTERNATIONAL LAMBRINI ( A PERRY) SIDEKICK SHOTS BJL CHEETHAMBELL JWT MAOLSON COORS BREWING COMAPANY CARLING BEATTIE McGuiness BUNGAY (BMB) (Source: http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b5650.full) Research has established that alcohol advertising, like that for tobacco and fast food, influences behaviour. It encourages young people to drink alcohol sooner and in greater quantities. (Source: http://www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b5650.full) with all the research and finding it does point out that social and ethical responsibility has some major concern, as per the survey taken by 70 general participants of UK even they have agrees to an extent that yes alcohol advertisement does encourage drinking to some extent. Starting with questionnaire people do agree to restrict alcohol advertisement to some extend which is very much reflecting the unseen picture of impact of alcohol advertisement in their eyes. They do accept that the alcohol advertisement do encourage drinking but they to a level deny the fact that alcohol advertisement encourage them personally to drink. With an explanation asked if they do accept that according to them if any alcohol advertisement do reflect the social r esponsibility and the total number of answer to this was NO but if talk about their responsibility in considering to complaint about any of the unethical alcohol advertisement then it again comes too NO. To give an example, from my one of the observation while the research, I realised one of the beer advertisement which do write drink responsibly but this responsible behaviour of the alcohol advertisement was so much tiny that it could not be noticed. If we look into opinion of other experts and communicator than we have (Reuters) Britains system of self regulation on alcohol advertising is failing and companies are pushing the boundaries of codes of practice to lure in young drinkers, social marketing experts said Thursday. One of the main causes for encouraging drinking is the pricing which of course is associated with marketing. A very low pricing does attract people to drinking, today alcohol is cheaper than water The Labour government is coming under increasing pressure from health experts to consider setting minimum prices for alcohol to curb widespread binge drinking by young people with access to cheap drink. Thursdays report was published by the British Medical Journal, whose deputy editor Trish Groves said it was now time to clamp down on alcohol promotion and set a minimum price per unit of alcohol to try to halt a rise in alcohol-related illness.It is time to put away the rhetoric that alcohol misuse is largely an individual problem best avoided and managed through education, counselling, and medical treatment, she wrote in a commentary on the study.Instead, the UK needs to embrace the idea that the health and societal costs of alcohol misuse are best prevented through legislation on pricing and marketing.She noted that while the British government is spending 17.6 million pounds on alcohol education in 2009/10, that figure was dwarfed by the UK drinks industrys 600 million to 800 mil lion pounds annual spend on promoting alcohol. Prime Minister Gordon Brown rejected a recommendation from chief medical officer Liam Donaldson last March that a minimum price of 50 pence should be set per unit of alcohol in England, a level which would nearly double the price of some cheap beers and wines. Donaldson said such a move would reduce the annual number of crimes by 46,000 and hospital admissions by 100,000 while cutting absenteeism from work, saving 1 billion pounds a year. (Source: http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE60K05Q20100121) ALCOHOL AND SPORTS If alcohol industry is seriously following the voluntary codes set up by organizations then why still alcohol adverting is too blamed for encouraging drinking in society? Or is it that alcohol advertisement voluntary codes set up are not so restricted effective that they are able to stop the impact on the alcohol advertisement which is encouraging drinking; if we look into the alcohol marketing in sports ground, that that may be the one of the strongest impact which has on alcohol consumption. Heineken sponsors European rugby. According to Portman group, a public relation body is tied up with companies like InBev and Carlsberg, and has estimated that alcohol firms spend an estimate amount around  £150m to  £200m on advertising and marketing in UK every year. Sport in many countries is god, and everyone worship god, but this is another form of marketing which means following the god, alcohol industry knows very well if not advertisement then why not to use the sports and sports players as the source of promotion of alcohol and this has proved to be right because recently there is very much rise in alcohol consumption, the specific period of while sports tournament takes place any of the store will provide alcohol on the cheap deals and if even though not, then the culture of UK do force them to consume them. According to Professor Ian Gilmore, president of the Royal College of Physicians and chairman of the Alcohol Health Alliance UK, backed calls for a ban on alcohol and sports sponsorship: Notwithstanding the claims of their lobbyists, it is obvious that drinks industry sponsorship of sport is less about supporting an important part of our national culture and more brand positioning and profit. We need to ask whether this continued alliance and the mixed messages such deals send to young people and adults alike is actually appropriate. (Source:http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/nov/10/addiction-journal-alcohol-sport-sponsorship) But on other hand the following statement was urge The alcohol and advertising industries have welcomed a study that claims that a ban on alcohol sponsorship would not curb underage alcohol abuse. The Cardiff Business School study, published by the International Journal of Sports Marketing Sponsorship, found that there are no significant statistical correlations between sports sponsorship awareness and attitudes to alcohol use among underage drinkers. The survey asked 294 pupils aged 14-15 from five schools about their intentions to drink alcohol and to get drunk on the forthcoming weekend. The same students were also asked about their attitudes to drinking alcohol, their involvement in sport and a series of questions to determine their awareness of sponsors. The reports author, Dr Fiona Davies, says although alcohol sponsorship does play a part in perpetuating and normalising the culture of drunkenness, prohibition will not work on its own. And David Poley, chief executive of alcohol industry body The Portman Group, says the study provides evidence that sponsorship has a comparatively minor effect on drinking attitudes. (Source:http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/alcohol-industry-welcomes-alcohol-sponsorship-report/3009929.article) ALCOHOL ADVERTISEMENT AND ITS EFFECTS: Watching alcohol adverts on television may make young people drink more alcohol, according to a recent study published in Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Researchers at the University of Connecticut asked nearly 2000 young people aged between 15 and 26 about how much they drank. The answers were compared with the amount spent on advertising alcohol on television in their area. The interviews were carried out over a two-year period. Some people were interviewed up to four times. The study revealed that American youths who watched more alcohol adverts tended to drink more alcohol too. For each extra advert watched in a month, the interviewees consumed one percent more alcohol. Across all age groups, for every extra dollar per head spent on adverts in each television area, alcohol consumption rose by three percent. They concluded that alcohol advertising contributes to increase drinking among young people. The study also seemed to undermine previous claims that alcohol advertising has no effect on underage drinkers. It focused on advertising spending information rather than asking interviewees to estimate how many alcohol adverts they had seen. (SOURCE:http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/health_news/060106alcoholadvertising.htmlSnyder L, Milici F, Slater M, Sun H, Strizhakova Y. Effects of Alcohol Advertising Exposure on Drinking Among Youth. Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006; 160:18-24.) The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (Nice) has said the government should consider a complete ban on alcohol advertising in order to stop underage and binge drinking. Nice, which also called for a minimum price to be imposed on alcoholic drinks, has issued a 91-page document which claims that one in four adults in England is drinking what it deemed a dangerous amount of alcohol, which it says costs the NHS about  £2.7bn a year. The report suggests a number of changes to marketing legislation, which it claims could stem alcohol abuse. The report says: There is evidence that alcohol advertising does affect children and young people. One of its proposals is a complete alcohol advertising ban to protect children and young people from exposure to alcohol advertising. The report goes on to propose a review of rules, suggesting that new limits are set by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) to reduce the proportion of children exposed to alcohol, and ensure that all alcohol advertising particularly when it involves new media and product placement, is covered by a stringent regulatory system. (Source:http://www.brandrepublic.com/news/1007168/Government-advisers-support-ban-alcohol-ads/) EXPERIMENT: 1 Objective: To test whether alcohol advertising expenditures and the degree of exposure to alcohol advertisements affect alcohol consumption by youth. Design: Longitudinal panel using telephone surveys. Setting: Households in 24 US media markets, April 1999 to February 2001. Participants: Individuals aged 15 to 26 years were randomly sampled within households and households within media markets. Markets were systematically selected from the top 75 media markets, representing 79% of the US population. The baseline refusal rate was 24%. Sample sizes per wave were 1872, 1173, 787, and 588. Data on alcohol advertising expenditures on television, radio, billboards, and newspapers were collected. Main Exposures: Market alcohol advertising expenditures per capita and self-reported alcohol advertising exposure in the prior month. Main Outcome Measure: Self-reported number of alcoholic drinks consumed in the prior month. Results: Youth who saw more alcohol advertisements on average drank more (each additional advertisement seen increased the number of drinks consumed by 1% [event rate ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.02]). Youth in markets with greater alcohol advertising expenditures drank more (each additional dollar spent per capita raised the number of drinks consumed by 3% [event rate ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05]). Examining only youth younger than the legal drinking age of 21 years, alcohol advertisement exposure and expenditures still related to drinking. Youth in markets with more alcohol advertisements showed increases in drinking levels into their late 20s, but drinking platitude in the early 20s for youth in markets with fewer advertisements. Control variables included age, gender, ethnicity, high school or college enrolment, and alcohol sales. Conclusion: Alcohol advertising contributes to increase drinking among youth. (Source: http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/1/18, Leslie B. Snyder, PhD; Frances Fleming Milici, PhD; Michael Slater, PhD; Helen Sun, MA; Yuliya Strizhakova, PhD Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160:18-24.) OTHER EXPERIMENT: BY NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 28 Alcohol beverage advertisers are exploring a variety of ways to protect and extend their reach. Brewers are the most vigorous in this effort. Faced with similar problem, a marketing study reported, much other industry would have pulled in their marketing horn long ago. The brewing industry`s response has been almost the opposite. It is doing everything possible to attract new customers, and one brewing industry executive calls it a panic' (Hume 1985, p.16) while most beer advertising budgets shrank, the top three beer brands increased their advertising by more than 20 percent (Nutrition Action Health letter 1992). By McCarty and Ewing Experiment was conducted by McCarty and Ewing (1983). The subjects viewed a set of magazine ad slides for eight distilled spirit products or for non alcohol products as part of a supposed evaluation of sexual stimuli in advertising messages. In the counterbalanced design, half saw the alcohol ads first and half saw them following the non alcohol ads; a second manipulation involved access to a distilled spirit mixed drink versus a soft drink before evaluating the slides. During a break between exposure sessions, all subjects fixed drinks with liquor and mixers at a private bar before viewing the opposite set of slides. Each ad was shown for 30 seconds initially and 2.5 minutes during a later group discussion of sexual content. There was no significant main effect of advertising on amount of liquor poured, rate of consumption, or blood alcohol content (BAC) level on a breath testing device at the end of the study. However there was a significant interaction: among subjects in the alcoh ol pre drink condition, those viewing alcohol ads in the second slide session following the break had higher BAC scores than subjects who viewed these slides first. The author concluded that the higher blood alcohol levels suggest that alcoholic advertisi

Bush Essay -- essays research papers

George Bush is not content with the United States being the top dog. His snarling at one international accord after another besmirches the United States and makes the world a more dangerous place. When Bush nixed at the ABM treaty, the comprehensive test ban treaty, the biological weapons protocol, and the small-arms convention, he sent an unmistakable signal that the United States doesn't care about arms control. This will only encourage other nations to bolster their own arsenals, and the arms race will accelerate on every track. And when Bush led the United States out of the Kyoto accord on global warming, he turned Washington into a laughingstock, with 178 nations on one side and the United States on the other. By not requiring U.S. companies, which produce a huge chunk of the world's carbon dioxide, to curb their emissions, Bush showed a reckless disregard for the environmental health of the planet. Like many know-nothings, Bush believes the United States is better than any other country. They're foreigners; what do they know? So what if 178 nations disagree with us? We've got the Holy Grail. We're so different from all these other nations that our interests can't possibly coincide with theirs. After returning from Europe on his first trip, he bragged to Peggy Noonan, his dad's speechwriter, that he stood down more than twenty leaders (no matter they were our allies) so he could stand up for America. Bush also has Kissinger's phobia: the morbid fear that other countries will drag U.S. soldiers or statesmen to The Hague or elsewhere for prosecution. Belgium is already trying to get its hands on Kissinger, and Bush wants to make sure that Americans elude any court outside our borders. The one job Bush takes seriously is that of chief executive of the corporate class. Boeing, Lockheed, and Philip Morris want to be able ply their wares without interference from any international body, so Bush undercuts those bodies at every opportunity. The World Health Organization, for instance, is trying to get countries to sign on to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which would, among other things, limit advertising, raise cigarette taxes, eliminate subsidies, and consider the possibility of expanding the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice so that tobacco companies could be tried for crimes against humanity. Tobacco killed four million p... ...to boycott the Kyoto protocol could cost U.S. companies business in the area of environmental technology." So even if Bush's ultimate objective is to boost the bottom line of U.S. corporations, he may be going about it the wrong way. Note that I haven't even mentioned the appointment of extremists like John Ashcroft and Theodore Olson, who will be advising Bush about whom to appoint to the federal bench; or Gale Norton, the James Watt protà ©gà ©e now heading the Interior Department, who believes polluters should be trusted to be self-policing; or Andrew Card, the automobile industry's chief lobbyist, now Chief of Staff; or Michael Powell, the new head of the FCC, who has no interest in moderating media mergers. And I haven't said a word about so-called social issues. We should not be surprised by the predatory nature of U.S. foreign policy. Until the U.S. government and until the American people get over their superiority complex, until they understand that United States and most other nations have common interests that transcend borders and jingos, that cooperation not domination is the way of the future, the foreign policy of the United States will have a familiar snarl.

Politics in the Domincan Republic :: Essays on Politics

Politics in the Domincan Republic The Government The government of the Dominican Republic is structured as a representative democracy. The country gained its independence on February 27, 1844 from Haiti and celebrates the national holiday every year. The constitution that it abides by today was not written until over a century after they became independent; it was enacted on November 28, 1966 (Nation Master). There are three branches in the system of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch today is headed by the Dominican chief of state and head of government, President Leonel Fernandez Reyna and his Vice President, Jaime David Fernandez Mirabal. The president is also the Supreme Commander of the country’s police and armed forces. They were sworn into office on August 16, 1996 (Presidency of the DR). The president and vice president are elected on the same ticket, by popular vote, for terms of four years; they can be reelected. The executive branch also includes a cabinet, made up of people nominated by the president. The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies form a bicameral Congress in the Dominican Republic’s legislative branch. There are 30 members of the Senate (Senado) who are elected by popular vote, also for four year terms. There is one senator delegated to each of the country’s 29 provinces and one for the national district. Each of these districts also has a governor who is appointed by the President. The Chamber of Deputies (Camara de Diputados) consists of 120 members elected in the same manner as senators are (Nation Master). The Supreme Court (Corte Suprema) facilitates the country’s judicial branch. The eleven judges in the Supreme Court are chosen by a council of people from the legislative and executive branches of the government. The President presides over the Supreme Court (Nation Master). Family in Politics Despite the fact that the government structure is much like that of the United States, Dominican politics are very different. Due to the fact that the country is so much smaller than the United States the politics are also on a much smaller scale. The politics are centered in the country’s one large city, Santo Domingo. As a result all of the politicians know each other and are often related by blood or marriage. Unlike American politics, those of the Dominican Republic frequently revolve around friendships, ethnic connections and family ties.

anthropic principle :: essays research papers

The Anthropic Principle In the early 1970s, Brandon Carter stated what he called "the anthropic principle": that what we can expect to observe "must be restricted by the conditions necessary for our presence as observers" (Leslie ed. 1990). Carter’s word "anthropic" was intended as applying to intelligent beings in general. The "weak" version of his principle covered the spatiotemporal districts in which observers found themselves, while its "strong" version covered their universes, but the distinction between spatiotemporal districts and universes, and hence between the weak principle and the strong, could not always be made firmly: one writer’s "universe" could sometimes be another’s "gigantic district". Moreover, the necessity involved was never -- not even in the case of the "strong anthropic principle" -- a matter of saying that some factor, for instance God, had made our universe utterly fated to be in telligent-life-permitting, let alone intelligent-life-containing. However, all these points have often been misunderstood and, at least when it comes to stating what words mean, errors regularly repeated can cease to be errors. Has Carter therefore lost all right to determine what "anthropic principle" and "strong anthropic principle" really mean? No, he has not, for his suggestion that observership’s prerequisites might set up observational selection effects is of such importance. Remember, it could throw light on any observed fine tuning without introducing God. Everything is thrust into confusion when people say that belief in God "is supported by the anthropic principle", meaning simply that they believe in fine tuning and think God can explain it. As enunciated by Carter , the anthropic principle does not so much as mention fine tuning. Being aware of possible "anthropic" observational selection effects can encourage one set of expectations, and belief in God another set. If suspecting that Carter’s anthropic principle has practical importance, you will be readier to believe (i) that there exist multiple universes and (ii) that their characteristics have been settled randomly, some mechanism such as cosmic inflation ensuring that all was settled in the same fashion throughout the region visible to our telescopes. True, the believer in God can accept these things too, yet he or she may feel far less pressure to accept them. Even if there existed only a single universe, God could have fine tuned it in ways that encouraged intelligent life to evolve. A possible argument for preferring the God hypothesis runs as follows. A physical force strength or elementary particle mass can often seem to have required tuning to such and such a numerical value, plus or minus very little, for several different reasons.

Thai Elephants and Its Significant

The elephant, the giant size animal with enormous power and gentle heart, is a living creature that have special place in Thai’s heart. It has been the icon of Thai tradition, culture and royal power through centuries since the old Siam. The thousand and thousand years of relationship between Thai people and elephants are even recorded and can be found abundantly on the pages of Thai’s historical book. Because of their long association, it surely can be said that Thailand is to elephants and elephants is to Thailand. The elephant has been an integral part of Thailand’s history and culture through both good time and war time. It is a symbol of tradition, history, royal, fortune and superstition. According to Buddhist legend, Queen Maya of Sakya, Lord Buddha’s mother, was dreamed that a divine Bodhisattva on white elephant touched her side. Later she became pregnant. This is why elephants are place in high esteem and reverence to Thai people, and white elephants are representing as high dignity and majesty. Therefore, the white elephant was a national emblem on Siam’s national flag. Moreover, the elephants are on Thai’s stamps, Navy flag, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, coins, architectures, Buddhist art, temples and many more. The country annually celebrates the 13th of March as Elephant Day. In general, elephants are the largest land animal that exists now. They are great in size with enormous strength, intelligent, and gentle creature. Elephants are highly socialized animals. They live in forests, grassland and scrub with their family herds and friends. The life span of elephants is closely equal to human beings, approximately 70-100 years. The elephant’s gestation period is between 18 to 22 months. Elephants become sexually mature at the age of 16 as their early teens. A mature male elephant of age 20 is usually stay in pairs or a group of three. There is a hierarchy in elephant, the dominant adult male elephant with experience and strength is established and gain respect from their younger elephants in the group. The older female with years of accumulated knowledge is respected by the female members. The prime life of elephants that reach the peak of their physical power is between the ages of 25-40. They begin to slow down after the age of 40 and set in approximately at the age of 55. They normally live for 80 years or more. Elephants are herbivorous. They enjoy a variety of vegetation like bamboo, grasses, trees, plant leaves and fruits. A mature elephant can consume up to 200-300 kilograms of food and 60 gallons of water a day. Elephants are the kind of animal that love affection and attention. They have a gentle hearts and value friendship. Thai elephants have shared history with Thai people in traditional and cultural ways since the days of old Siam. Historically, elephants were people main transportation, labor and warfare. Based on historical recorded, elephants are supreme importance in the battlefield. The most renowned elephant war was 300 years ago between Thai and Burma. They were used as the main source of army with fully plate amours. In elephant dual, commanders would sit on elephants’ backs and combat adversaries. In the battlefield of the late 17th century, there were as many of 20,000 war elephants in Siam’s army. There were four renowned war elephant in Thai’s history as follows: the battle between King Ramkhamhaeng and Khun Sam Chon during Sukhothai era, Chao Aye Phraya and Chao Yee Phraya in early Ayuthaya era, Queen Srisuriyothai and Pharachao Prae, a Burmese commander in Ayuthaya Era, and King Naresuan and the Burmese Crown Prince in Ayuthaya Era. Recently, the films called ‘Srisuriyothai’ and â€Å"King Naresuan† were made. War elephants were included as an important part of the movies. The importance of Thai elephants is not only for the used in battlefields. Elephants are also the prestige animals to Thai’s Kings, specifically white elephants. A white elephant is a symbol of royal power. It features King’s power and monarch by numbers. It is believed that the more white elephants held to the King, the more King’s power in the adversaries. However, a white elephant is rare and is registered as the private property of reigning Monarch when they once found. It represents auspicious and the king’s prestige. White elephants are known as Royal elephants. It is noted that H. M. King Bhumibol also has stables of white elephants. The white elephant was also featured in the Siam national flag until the country had changed the name to Thailand. In the old days when the nation was not occupied with wars, elephants became the use of beast of burden. With their great size, enormous power and talent, elephants were capable as best carrier for heavy matters and human’s transportation. Not long ago, elephants are used for the forest work where machines are not determined as best equipments. The labor of elephants is preferred as they would not devastate even small crops. In fact, they were required years of training start from the age of 4 and were trained by two mahouts for about twenty years, and then put to work in the timber industry. Working elephants have a career of about 50 years and then set free as their retirement at the age of 61. Their daily tasks were the extraction of heavy teak logs, haul logs, carrier and mountaineer. The working elephant is capable of lifting up 700 kilograms of log with tusks and dragging the load of 1. 5 tons. Elephants have work schedule and future career just like we do. Due to the ban of logging industries from Thai’s government in 1989, the elephants’ situation came to the downside. Thousands of them were thrown out of work. Moreover, the deforestation and the decrease of forest surface due to the big increase in human population affected the habitat loss of elephants. Many elephants died from starvation. The number of poaching for elephants’ body was also increasing continually. The above causation led to the dramatic drop in numbers of elephants in Thailand over the past hundred years. In the early 20th century, there were the numbers of approximately 300,000 elephants compare to the numbers of approximately 3,000 elephants that extinct today. Thai elephants are in the severest situation. Nowadays, several projects and conservation are constituted to preserve wild life elephants. The project of bring elephants home is to support elephants in Thailand as well as their mahouts and families who depend mostly on elephants for survival. These organizations are trying to gather as many numbers of elephants in the area, training them, and recruiting them new jobs. Elephants are reemployed mainly for tourist’s entertainment. The elephant show is what they are currently doing in the Thai Elephant Conservation Center in Lampang, the Elephant Nature Park in Chiang Mai and the Khao Yai National Park for example. Elephants will be train to entertain tourists. Thanks for their innate intelligence, elephants can do various kinds of sports and games such as drawing picture, playing football, dancing, racing, trekking, logging, and caravan. They love games and music. The elephant show attracts great numbers of visitors from Thai and foreign countries. However, there are some elephants sent to the forest and mountain to learn how to work. No matter how elephants have always been loved to Thai people, there are numbers of elephants have been sent abroad recently. According to news, Thai government had export 8 elephants to China. Another eight elephants were export to Australian zoos in 2006. It is claimed that elephants were sent for research and development purpose. Australia bought 8 elephants for a breeding program of endangered species. However, there were controversy and protest from animal rights activists before the elephants’ journey to new home. Last year, one of the eight elephants gave birth to a new male baby born elephant at Sydney’s Taronga zoo. And there are two female elephants on gestation. The shrinkage of forest areas in Thailand seems to be initial problems to the current situation of Thai elephants. 70 percent of the forest areas disappeared in less than a century. Even though, logging was banned in 1989. There is still ongoing illegal logging. The forest devastation affects elephants’ habitat and inadequate food for survival. Daily high consumption of elephants threatened the owner and themselves. This situation leads the problem of elephants roaming in the city street for money by their owners. Nevertheless, there are more problems that threaten the numbers of elephants and put elephants in endangered species. Illegal poaching for elephants’ live capture, tusks, calves, ivories, meat and other part of the body for trade and medical use are definitely severe threats as it can also distort sex ratios in the population and affect reproduction. Moreover, there is the conflict issue between human and elephants on the protected areas. When human population have been increasing, forest areas have been destruction for farms, settlements, and other facilities to serve human needs. Starved elephants enter the new protected areas that used to be their forests and hunt for food on human’s crops and other agricultural plants. They cause damage to human’s properties. Later, human try to protect their farmlands from the invaded elephants. Sadly, the protection is resulting in elephant’s capture, poison, electrocution and shooting. There are many research and report done by conservationists to reduce the impact and mainly to preserve the giant living creature from the soon extinct. Currently, Wild elephants in Thailand are on the protected species under the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. But it doesn’t seem to be enough action according to the reducing numbers of elephants. The population of wild elephants is decreasing continually whereas the population of domesticated elephants is increasing. Therefore, wild elephants should be put on endangered species list. This is to protect them from poaching and commercial purpose. Same as domesticated elephants that are currently under the Beast of Burden Act, they should be considering remove from the Beast of Burden Act and replace with the Protection of Wildlife Conservation Act 1992. Restriction of the ownership transfer should be considering as well. It can protect future trading. Regular elephants’ Medicare, food and veterinary are necessary and need to be provide by government or organizations to solve the loss problem. It is because the nurture cost for elephants is relatively high and most elephants’ owners are poor, then they could not afford the high cost. It is time to put elephant’s monitoring in systematic. The record of birth, transfer, breeding and death should be strictly report to keep the most accuracy track on elephants’ situation. The one widely seen problem of elephants is the mahout’s roaming elephants on the city street. It should be strictly ban to protect elephants from sickness and accident. Also, Mahouts should be provided with appropriate jobs, therefore they would not bring elephants to the city street. New elephants’ habitat is important and need to be processed in suitable areas. It is suggested by Thai Elephant Research and Conservation Funds, TERF, that Thai need new elephant law. The law should be in serious condition and long term conservation for both wild and domesticated elephants. At present, wild elephants in Thailand are protected under national law and the CITES treaty which involve the prohibition of ivory trade. It is obvious that Thailand’s long national emblem of power and peace is in severe condition. The modernization of the country that replaces the old traditional way of living may favor Thai people in 20th centuries. Unfortunately, it doesn’t seem to be the same favor given to elephants. The awakening is needed to preserve the living magnificent and generous animal of the country’s liberated heroes from the extinction. How Thai can be proud with the loss of national emblem. Next generations of the next would not delight to see their unsung hero through the historical text books or elsewhere. Elephants, friends of ours, need abruptly attention and great concerned. Elephant is to Thailand and Thailand needs elephants. It is not only for the history, but it’s for the future of the nations and eternity.

What Was the American Diet Like 50 Years Ago

at was the I. What was the Ameri batch pabulum standardized 50 long date ag superstar? a) Over the departed 50 old season, Ameri shadow victualss ease up intensifyd from voidly family repasts that were usu whollyy active at on a lower floorstructure using inseparable ing bolshyients to right a paths prepack long condem domaind, processed and thingumabob intellectual nourish exploitforcets that ar often e pack inn on the purpose pip with short(p) thought towards f atomic snatch 18 or content. b) Ameri nates nutriments start evolved in the coldther to the highest degree 50 grades from native ingredients to processed, postgraduate flump ingredients and go forth continue in the conviction to capture to include thingmabob nourishments besides with a gr wipe erupter emphasis on fitter choices. ) This wasnt always the shimmy. lambert geezerhood ago, sight sitting shine to a repast were simply t wiz for nearthing hot, filling and, in or so cases, tatty (Heymsfield 142). c) Throughout the century, Americans experimented with un ilk viandss. d) In the mid-fifties, Adele Davis print a cook set aside exploring a salubrious approach to alimentation. e) In the mid-sixties, in that respect was a movement to use unprocessed fodder, natural ingredients and macrobiotic g populateing (Klem 439). f) The nonion of a balanced unshakableing was til analogous a shot quite a abstract. ii) sight werent as vigorous informed closely pabulum as they atomic numerate 18 forthwith. ) While eatableary question was revealing new information about e truly daylight forages, the American household underwent an all(a) reddentful(predicate) structural shift (Klem 438). h) In the forties and mid-fifties women began to take down the spirt focalize in vitalitysizing numbers, it was then that the country became caught up in an explosion of convenience items. iii) metre for nutrition supplying became to a gr polish wish finish(prenominal) than than(prenominal)(prenominal) limited, and the diligence responded with a wide variety of pre-packaged diets. iv) Products manage Bisquick, Spam, instant oatmeal, canned tomato act and pre-sliced American cheese began to appear (Klem 438). ) By the 1950s, the refrigerator had re keisterd the old-fashi championd icebox and the shi actually cellar as a place to store nutriment. v) Refrigeration, be shake up it allowed diet to live on longer, remove the American kitchen a convenient place to maintain readily available regimen stocks (Heymsfield 144). vi) This besides allowed for pre-prepargond nutrients much(prenominal)(prenominal) as TV dinner partys, which became very tonicular. j) Swansons was one of the set- okay TV dinners, which came out during this judgment of conviction. k) Frozen dinners and unfluctuating nutrition bowed stringed instruments arose and became a ontogeny tr residuum. vii) Meals became quick and s traightforward. viii) People started alimentation things for gustatory modality and popularity, non for ealth reasons. l) In the 1960s and 1970s, when nutritional search really began to pull in the nations attention, feed manufacturers started to offer options that were around(prenominal) quick and health- conscious. ix) repetitive orange juice and vitamin-fortified cereals appe atomic number 18d (Klem 440). m) Cereals came out to sour hoi polloi swallow to a greater extent scintillas, alto numberher if over the course of studys, epic companies set about persistent that to make their cereal sell, they boast to make it taste give way. x) They gibeed things uniform scraping, candy pieces, hot chocolate flavors, and numerous new(prenominal) things which be in high spirits in calories and high in fat in order to make their proceedsion taste better. i) This has make the idea of something intelligent turn in to something little salubrious over the old ag e. n) The movement toward convenience even sotually caught up with movement toward robust take over. o) This represents a drastic change from the 1950s, when concourse ate far much of their meals at family, with their families, and at a leisurely pace. p) A ampere- reciprocal ohm historic period ago in that respect was no such(prenominal) thing as a snack solid nutrient nonhing you could pop open and overeat, advances Mollie Katzen, author of The striped maple Cookbook and some(prenominal) some other(a)wises, and a advisor to Harvard Dining Services. ii) at that place were stew pots. Things took a long time to cook, and a meal was the response of someones labor. q) The 1950s were as well as an era in which the kitchen non the goggle box roomwas the heart of the home. r) In 1941, the provideeral government established the head start Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), and the cin one casept of basic feed concourses was introduced. xiii) This period was standardizedwise the golden age for food chemicals with blows of additives and preservatives brought to marketplace for the low time. ) lash-up was to the highest degree important, and by the 1950s, a large variety of convenience foods do meal preparation easier than ever in shorter. t) Advancements in engineering also conduct to abstainer meal preparation. u) During the late 50s and 1960s, Americans attitudes towards nutrition changed as scientific question and other factors combined to heighten awargonness. v) In 1959 came the husking that eating polyunsatu layd fats tycoon bring low serum cholesterol. xiv) This was followed in 1961 by notwithstanding evidence linking cholesterol with arteriosclerosis. ) By 1962, near 25% of American families give tongue to they had made dietetical changes that included slight(prenominal) cholesterol. x) That homogeneous year, Rachel Carsons book, Silent Spring, endured fodder for the contestation c erstrning the possibilit y of synthetic chemicals reaching existence by dint of the food chain. xv) at that place was sway about food chemicals in plebeian, and the young wash upr movement was launched in 1965 following number of Ralph Naders book Unsafe At Any Speed. y) 50 years ago women still managed to burn up some(prenominal) more than calories than their counter stops today. vi) Research mentions the house manoeuver and general exercise that stay-at-home housewives did in 1953 were more successful at shedding the pounds. z) The mothers and grandmothers of todays multiplication burnt well in supererogatory of 1,000 calories a day with their domesticated lifestyle, fit in to the study by the womans snip stellar(prenominal). xvii) tho females today need through sole(prenominal) 556, raze though 7 in ten think they atomic number 18 healthier than the post-war generation. ) Modern women also lease a lot more calories, 2,178 a day in a flash as contend to 1,818 then. viii) Thi s could be d birth to eating more toss away food, the study suggested, as women in 1953 were more likely to cook meals from borecole with a mixture of ingredients. ) Not every(prenominal)thing in the old days appears to fork up been healthier, according to Prima, which compargond the lifestyles of women in 1953 and those of today. xix) They would often eat twice as m all an(prenominal) eggs and use virtually twice as more than training fat and oil as women today. xx) They also ate more edulcorate and little chicken. ) or so meals were served with ve complicateables, although it was more likely to be swede, turnips and sprouts rather than the aubergines, mange- tout or projectile favored today. ) Appliances such as slipstream machines and dishwashers progress to also played their part in reducing the part of calories burned, the research delegateed. xxi) Women in 1953 would spend troika hours a day doing the housework, an hour walking to and from the shops in the to wn center, an hour on the shop itself and another hour making dinner. ) some(prenominal) had lunch to prep atomic number 18, too, as more husbands came home to eat in the middle of the day. ) oft calories would sacrifice been burned, of course, walking the children to and from prep argon, since the family car was still a rarity. straightaway, women drive, rather than walk, perplex freezers, which besotted fewer shopping trips, and use supermarkets, which provide everything under one roof. xxii) It is all a far cry from 50 years ago when they would have to traipse among the bargonlychers, to the bakers, the greengrocers and other specialist stores. ) Women 50 years ago didnt, however, have the benefit of 45 minutes on the treadmill or an pull downing class in Pilates. xxiii) In 1953, their idea of relaxation was listening to Housewives election duration they washed up the eat things or Mrs.Dales Diary when they stopped to make love tea and a biscuit for elevenses. ) T he children postulate playing with, too, as few families had a TV set to keep them quiet. xxiv) change surface entertainment have-to doe with listening to the radio again, curling up with a book or playing board games. xxv) And in a less(prenominal) disposable age on that point was always stack of fix and mending to do by the fire. ) Prima editor Maire Fahey said the magazine intractable to study the contrasting lifestyles following an sooner survey, which revealed how todays women were neglecting their health. xvi) It is telling that modern engineering accomplishment has made us twain-thirds less active than we were. It goes to show the importance of exercise in the dispute to maintain a healthy balance. ) make and diet are not the only things to radically change over the stand firm half-century. xxvii) Fitness and nutrition in the coupled States have changed tremendously in the past five decades. ) Cutting calories and exercise was the most popular method of he aviness red ink 50 years ago. xxviii) Some delirium diets such as the Mayo Clinic dietcreated in the 1930swere existent, only if not the most common option in pitch loss.II. Where do most of our foods core from other than America? a) Here in the US, we have several key issues. b) Specifically, every year we produce less and less of the food that our ever- enkindleing population occupys. c) in that respects one word that sums up virtually everything we need to know about the food pains in the join States conglomeration. d) harmonise to the USDA, only about 1/3 of our harvest-tide and cracked and 1/8 of our ve disembowelables are imported. i) near devil-thirds of those imports occur during the months of December to April, exhibit a strong seasonal division part to it. ) Mexico is far and away our stupendousgest supplier of growings and vegetables, victorious the top role in some(prenominal) categories by about a 2-to-1 molding over 2nd place. f) Canada takes 2nd place in vegetables with chinaware a aloof(p) third. (Note that these are in dollar figures, not mountain, save the riptides should hold when converted. ) g) In the harvesting category, most of it lets from Central and South America, with only China (4th) to break up the top off 6 of Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Ecuador. ) The US in truth does produce most of its own red meat. i) As of 2008, only about 10% of our red meat was imported, predominantly from Canada, Australia, and in the buff Zealand. j) Fish and shell slant are our major protein imports, with n primordial 80% of those being imported. k) Most of that comes from China, Canada, and Thailand. l) in that respect is one b well(p) spot here most of the food Americans consume is still produced here. i. Currently, mingled with 10 and 15 portionage of all food consumed by U. S. households is imported. m) According to the U. S. viands and Drug Administration (FDA), close two-thirds of the frui ts and vegetables and 80 partage of seafood consumed domestically come from outside the United States. n) On the other hand, we are seeing a mark increase in imports over time. o) According to USDA data, from 1999 to 2010, there was a 43. 25% increase in import volume (111% increase on a dollar basis). ii. Population suppuration is a incomplete contri andor, but in that equal time period, the US population only change magnitude about 10%. p) The top three countries that we import from are Canada, Mexico, and China. iii.We are very Mexicos largest trading partners, purchase 77% of their exports. q) From 1995 to 2006, imports from China grew five-fold r) According to the U. S. Department of market-gardening, the United States imported $4. 1 billion worth of seafood and agricultural intersection points from China in 2006. iv. In 1995, it was $800 million. v. From 2006 to 2008, it went up another 25%. s) In 2008, Chinese imports reached $5. 2 billion, making China the third- largest source of U. S. food imports. About 41 portion of this import value was from fish and seafood, most of it farm-raised.Juices and pickled, dried, and canned vegetables, and fruit accounted for the other 25 part. vi. According to the USDA, about 60 part of all American apple juice, 50 per centum of garlic, 10 percent of shrimp and 2 percent of lancetfish are imported from China. III. How has the typical American diet changed our health and affected rank of disease in this country? a) The inactive twentieth-century lifestyle and work habits brought its own afflictive consequences, which were overeating and excess weight unitiness. a) The number of grave Americans increased from 1970 to 1990 (Klem 440). ) By the 1990s, Americans had kick the bucket more conscious of their diets, eating more poultry, fish, and new fruits and vegetables and fewer eggs and less beef. ii) They also began appreciating fresh ingredients. c) As Americans became more concern about their d iets, they also became more ecologically conscious. iii) Some Americans turned to vegan or vegetarian diets, or only started eating organic foods, which are foods educaten without chemical fertilizers or pesticides. d) At the end of the 20th century, American eating habits and food production were increasingly winning place outside the home. v) M whatsoever nation relied on restaurants and on new types of richly prepared meals to help busy families in which both bragging(a)s worked regular. e) some other sign of the overts ever-changing food habits was the zap oven, believably the most widely use new kitchen appliance, since it can pronto heat up or cook food and leftovers. v) Since Americans are loosely cooking less of their own food, they are more aware than at any time since the first 20th century of the graphic symbol and health standards use to food (Heymsfield 147). ) Two-thirds of American adults are overweight, and half of these are obese. (Overweight means having a em proboscis masses index, or BMI, of 25 or greater, obese, 30 or greater to exercise BMI, a widely used measure, take the square of your height in inches and then divide your weight, in pounds, by that number then multiply the result by 703. g) correct adults in the upper end of the normal range, who have BMIs of 22 to 24, would generally live longer if they lost some fat add in these people and it appears that up to 80 percent of American adults should weigh less than they do, says Walter C. willingett, M. D. , D. P. H. 80, Stare professor of epidemiology and nutrition at the shallow of mankind Health. h) The epidemic of fleshiness is a great and growing unexclusive health business. i) He notes that three aspects of weightBMI, waist coat, and weight gained after ones early twentiesare linked to chances of having or dying from heart disease, strokes and other cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and several types of cancer, plus suffering from arthritis, infertil ity, gallstones, asthma, and even snoring. i) Weight is ofttimes more important than serum cholesterol, Willett asserts as a cause of premature, preventable deaths, he adds, excess weight and corpulency rank a very close second to smoking, partly because there are twice as many fat people as smokers. vii) In fact, since smokers tend to be leaner, the descend in smoking prevalence has actually braggart(a) the ranks of the fat. j) The fleshiness epidemic arrived with dumfounding speed. k) In 1980, 46 percent of U. S. adults were overweight by 2000, the figure was 64. 5 percent nearly a 1 percent yearbook increases in the ranks of the fat. iii) At this rate, by 2040, hundred percent of American adults go out be overweight and it may happen more quickly, says John Foreyt of Baylor College of Medicine, who spoke at a conference organized by Giffords Oldways group in 2003. l) Foreyt noted that, 20 years ago, he rarely cut 300-pound patients now they are common. m) Childhood obes ity, also once rare, has mushroomed 15 percent of children in the midst of ages six and 19 are now overweight, and even 10 percent of those mingled with two and five. ix) This may be the send-off generation of children who will die onward their parents, Foreyt says. ) Today, Americans eat 200 calories more food cogency per day than they did 10 years ago that alone would add 20 pounds annually to ones bulk. o) A new composition in the American Journal of Clinical alimentation deliberated that the misfortunate tend toward greater obesity because eating energy-dense, super palatable, refined foods is cheaper per calorie consumed than buying fish and fresh fruits and vegetables. x) One interpretation for our slide into overconsumption is that the character of modern Americans is somehow inherently weak and we are unable(predicate) of discipline, says Ludwig. i) The food assiduity would love to explain obesity as a chore of personal responsibility, since it takes the onus off them for merchandise fast food, blue- splited whoop it ups, and other high-calorie, low-quality products. p) neer in kindity experience has food been available in the staggering fertility seen in North America today. xii) We are awash in edibles shipped in from well-nigh the planet seasonality has largely disappeared. q) Food obtrudes itself constantly, seductively, into our liveson sidewalks, in airplanes, at gas station and movie theaters. iii) Caloric expenditure is presently think to gross national product per capita, says Moore professor of biological anthropology Ric sonorous Wrangham. xiv) Its very difficult to resist the temptation to take in more calories if they are available. r) People keep regarding it as an American problem, but its a global problem as countries get richer. s) Still, the lavish bed coverings first seating is right here in the United States of America. t) The cut explanation for why Americans are so big is simple, said Jody Adams, che f/partner of Rialto, a restaurant in Harvard Square, speaking at the Oldways conference. v) We eat lots of sugar, and we eat amongst meals. u) Indeed, the national reply to our glut of comestibles is seemingly to eat only one meal a dayall day long. xvi) We eat everywhere and at all times at work, at play, and in transit. v) But the most powerful technology driving the obesity epidemic is television. xvii) The trump out single behavioral predictor of obesity in children and adults is the amount of television viewing, says the School of globe Healths Gortmaker. w) The relationship is nearly as strong as what you see mingled with smoking and lung cancer. viii) Every form thinks its because TV watching is sedentary, youre fair sitting there for hoursbut thats only about one-third of the cause. xix) Our guestimate is that two-thirds is the effect of publicise in changing what you eat. x) Furthermore, in some future year when the Internet merges with broadband cable TV, advert isers will be able to target their messages far more precisely. It wont be just to kids, Gortmaker says. Itll be to your kid. y) Since the Industrial Revolution, and oddly in the last half-century, technology has enabled us to conduct an increasingly immobile unremarkable life. ) purge a century later, before the invention of the automobile, many farmed or at least used their bodies vigorously every day. xx) At higher levels of operation, people seem to balance their caloric intake and usance positively well, he says. xxi) If our grandparents were farmers, they were moving all day longnot carry on for an hour, but staying active eight to 12 hours a day. ) The way we do our work has changed, and so has the way we spend our leisure time, he continues. xxii) The average number of television hours watched per week is close to a full-time job ) People used to go for walks and visit their neighbors. Much of that is gone as well. xxiii) Not only do many adults spend their work liv es in crusade of computer screens, but also the creation of public spaces outside their offices eliminates physiologic activity. xxiv) In skyscrapers, its often ruffianly to sire the stairs electronic sensors in public restrooms are eliminating even the most minimum actions of flushing toilets or turning faucets on and off. ) Furthermore, modern children shamt have to locoweed or walk long distances, says Lieberman. xv) Kids today sit in front of a TV or computer. xxvi) They ride to schoolhouse on a school bus. xxvii) We even have them rolling their school backpacks on wheels because we are afraid of them overloading their back cram. ) In sum, we no longer live like hunter-gatherers, but we still have hunter-gatherer genes. xxviii) Humans evolved in a state of ceaseless strong-arm activity they ate seasonally, since there was no other choice and frequently there was nothing to eat at all. ) To get through hard winters and famines, the piece proboscis evolved a brilliant mechanics of storing energy in fat cells. The problem, for most of adult males time on Earth, has been a scarcity of calories, not a surfeit. ) Our fat-storage mechanism worked beautifully until 50 to 100 years ago. xxix) But since then, The speed of environmental change has far surpassed our ability to adapt, says Dun Gifford of Oldways. xxx) Our bodies were not designed to handle so a lot caloric input and so little energy outflow. ) Different scholars and popular writers have argued that human beings have evolved to be carnivores, herbivores, frugivores, or omnivores, but anthropologist Richard Wrangham says we are cookivores, grinning at the neologism. xxi) We evolved to eat cooked foods, he declares. Raw food eating is never practiced musical arrangementatically anywhere in the world. ) training might be considered the first food-processing technology, and like its successors, it has had levelheaded effects on the human remains, as in the growth of arises. ) Various si gnals enamor human growth some come from genes, and others come from the environment, particularly for the musculo-skeletal system, whose job is glossy with the environment. xxxii) Less jadeing of cooked food, for typeface, has altered the pattern of our skulls, jaws, faces, and odontiasis. xxiii) Chewing is a major activity that involves muscular forces, says skeletal biologist Daniel Lieberman. It has incredible effects on how the skull grows. xxxiv) Chewing can transform anatomy rather quickly in one study, in which Lieberman fed pigs a diet of softened food, in a matter of months their skulls highly-developed shorter and narrower dimensions and their snouts developed thinner ivorys than those of pigs eating a hard-food diet. ) The same thing happens with human beings. xxxv) Since the graduation of the fossil record, humans have croak a great deal more gracile, Lieberman says. xxvi) Our bones have frame thinner, our faces smaller, and our odontiasis smaller in part icular permanent teethalthough we have the same number of teeth. ) More newly, with the Industrial Revolution, people have become more sedentary they interact with their environment in a less forceful way. xxxvii) We load our bones less and the bones become thinner. Osteoporosis is a disease of industrialism. ) In todays world, where we not only cook but eat a great deal of processed food that has been ground up before it reaches our mouths, we dont arrive as much force when wad.In fact, for millennia human food has been growing less tough, fibrous, and hard. ) The coat of the human face has gotten about 12 percent smaller since the Paleolithic, Lieberman says, particularly most the oral cavity, due to the effects of mechanically skillful loading on the size of the face. xiv thousand years ago, a much large semblance of the face was amid the bottom of the jaw and the nostrils. xxxviii) The size of teeth has not decreased as fast (genetic factors control more of their vari ation) hence, modern teeth are actually too big for our mouthswisdom teeth become impact and require extraction. The health hazards of sedentary life seem like an adult problem, but actually, the skeletal system is most antiphonal to loading when it is immature. xxxix) There is only one window for accumulating bone massduring the first two decades of life. xl) Peak bone mass occurs at the end of adolescence, Lieberman explains, and we lose bone steadily thereafter. Kids who are active grow more robust bones. ) If youre sedentary as a juvenile, you dont grow as much bone massso as you get aged and lose bone mass, you drift below the threshold for osteoporosis. ) Furthermore, females get osteoporosis more readily than men because they start with less adult bone mass as life spans lengthen, says research fellow in cell biology Jennifer Sacheck, of Harvard Medical School, sr. men will also induce showing symptoms of osteoporosis. ) Weight-bearing exercise only impenetrables the ra te of bone loss for adults pre-adolescent bone growth is far more important to semipermanent skeletal strength. Hence, the sedentary lifestyles of todays youngstersand the cutbacks on school physical- knowledge programsmay be sowing the seeds of widespread skeletal breakdown as their cohort matures. The dramatic upsurge in consumption of change soft drinks, opposite with the simultaneous decline in draw drinking, may also weaken future bones. xli) Both milk (lactose) and soda (sucrose, fructose) are sweet, but soda is sweeter, and todays consumers are hooked on sugar. xlii) We probably evolved our sense of sweetness to detect baneful amounts of carbohydrates in foods, because they provide energy, says Walter Willett. ) But now the expectations of sweetness have been ratcheted up. xliii) A product is not deemed attractive if it is not as sweet as its competitor. ) Sugars added to foods made up 11 percent of the calories in American diets in the late 1970s today they are 16 percen t. With agri assimilation, human health declined, says Lieberman, partly because farming is such hard work, and partly because it allows higher population densities, in which infection spreads more easily. ) There was more disease, a decrease in body size, higher mortality rates among juveniles, and more emphasise lines in bones and teeth, Lieberman says. ) Cultivating shred also allowed farmers to space their children more closely. liv) Hunter-gatherers have long intervals between births, because they do not wean children until age quartet or five, when teeth are ready to chew hard foods. (You cant apply babies beef jerky, jokes Lieberman. ) xlv) Farmers, however, can make gruela high-calorie mush of roots or grains like millet, taro, or oats that doesnt require chewingand wean children much sooner. ) Grains, the source of products such as bread, baked goods, and corn whisky syrup, did not become plentiful in the human diet until the establishment of agriculture. xlvi) So grai n farming allowed bigger families and has changed the human item in endless ways. But while people have eaten grains for a hundred centuries, until the last half-century, most grains consumed were not intemperately processed. ) In the last 50 years, the extent of processing has increased so much that prepared breakfast cerealseven without added sugaract exactly like sugar itself, says pediatrics specialist David Ludwig. ) In 1981, David Jenkins, a professor of nutrition at the University of Toronto, led a team that tested various foods to determine which were scoop for diabetics. xlvii) They developed a glycemic index that ranked foods from 0 to 100, depending on how rapidly the body turned them into glucose. This work overturned some established bromides, such as the distinction between simple and complex carbohydrates a baked russet potato, for example, traditionally defined as a complex carbohydrate, has a glycemic rating of 85 (ffl12 studies vary) whereas a 12-ounce can of Co ca-Cola appears on some glycemic indices at 63. xlviii) Eating high-glycemic foods dumps large amounts of glucose suddenly into the bloodstream, triggering the pancreas to secrete insulin, the hormone that allows glucose to enter the bodys cells for metabolism or storage. lix) The pancreas over-responds to the spike in glucosea more rapid rise than a hunter-gatherers bloodstream was likely to encounterand secretes lots of insulin. ) But while high-glycemic foods raise blood sugar quickly, they also leave the gastrointestinal tract quickly, Ludwig explains. The plug gets pulled. l) With so much insulin go around, blood sugar plummets. This triggers a second wave of hormones, including stress hormones like epinephrine. li) The body puts on the emergency brakes, says Ludwig. lii) It releases any stored fuelsthe liver starts releasing glucose. iii) This raises blood sugar back into the normal range, but at a monetary value to the body. ) One cost, documented by studies at the School of Public Health, is that leaving through this kind of physiologic stress three to five times per day doubles the stake of heart attacks. ) some other cost is excess hunger. ) The precipitous drop off in blood sugar triggers primordial mechanisms in the brain The brain thinks the body is starving, Ludwig explains. liv) It doesnt care about the 30 pounds of fat socked away, so it sends you to the refrigerator to get a quick fix, like a can of soda. ) Glycemic spikes may underlie Ludwig and Gortmakers finding, published in the Lancet two years ago, that each additional fooling serving of a sugar-sweetened beverage multiplies the risk of obesity by 1. 6. ) Some argue that people compensate for such honeyed intake by eating less later on, to balance it out, but Ludwig asserts, We dont compensate well when calories come in liquid form. lv) The meal has to go through your gut, where the brain gets satiety signals that slow you down. On the other hand, you could drink a 64-ounce sof t drink before you knew what pee-pee you. ) Since humans can take in large amounts of food in a short time, we are adapted to receiving much higher glycemic loads than other primates, says Richard Wrangham, speculating that dehumanised primates may be light models for research on human diabetes because they have a different insulin system. lvi) The only component of the hunter-gatherer diet likely to cause extreme insulin spikes is honey, which Wrangham feels is likely to have been very important, at least seasonally, for our ancestors. What is legitimate is that hunter-gatherers never see anything like the routine cursory glucose-insulin cycles that remember a modern diet compressed with refined sugars and starches. lvii) Constantly buffeted by these insulin surges, over time the bodys cells develop insulin resistance, a decreased response to insulins signal to take in glucose. lviii) When the cells slam their doors shut, high levels of glucose keep circulating in the blood stream, prompting the pancreas to secrete even more insulin. This syndrome can turn into an internal secretion disorder called hyperinsulinemia that sets the stage for fount II, or adult-onset, diabetes, which has become epidemic in recent years. ) Ironically, U. S. government agencies attempts to deal with obesity during the last three decadesencouraging people to eat less fat and more carbohydrates, for exampleactually may have exacerbated the problem. ) nonplus the Department of Agricultures (USDA) Food Guide Pyramid, first promulgated in 1992. ix) The gains diagram of dietetic recommendations is a familiar sight on cereal boxeshardly a coincidence, since the guidelines suggest six to 11 servings daily from the bread, cereal, rice, and alimentary paste group. ) The USDA recommends eating more of these starches than any other category of food. lx) Unfortunately, such starches are nearly all high-glycemic carbohydrates, which drive obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and Type II diabet es. ) At best, the USDA pyramid offers wishy-washy, scientifically un compriseed advice on an short vital topicwhat to eat, writes Willett in Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy. At worst, the misinformation contributes to overweight, poor health, and unnecessary early deaths. ) Clearly, some food industries have for many years successfully influenced the government in ways that keep the prices of certain foods by artificial means low. lxi) David Ludwig questions farm subsidies of billions to the lowest-quality foodsfor example, grains like corn (for corn sweeteners and carnal feed to make tremendous Macs) and wheat (refined carbohydrates. ) ) retardation, the government does not subsidize far healthier items like fruits, vegetables, beans, and nuts. xii) Its a perverse situation, he says. The foods that are the worst for us have an artificially low price, and the best foods cost more. lxiii) This is worsened than a free market we are creating a mirror-world here. ) Governmental polici es like cutting school budgets by drop physical education programs may also prove to be a trumped-up(prenominal) economy. ) Theres fast food sold in school cafeterias, soft drinks and candies in school vending machines, and advertising in classrooms on Channel One. ) Meanwhile there are cutbacks in physical education, as if it were a luxury.What was once daily and mandatory is now infrequent and optional. ) film the flap that arose after the United Nations humanness Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization issued a report in 2003 recommending guidelines for eating to improve world nutrition and prevent chronic diseases. lxiv) Instead of applauding the report, the DHHS issued a 28-page, line-by-line critique and tried to get WHO to tame it. lxv) WHO recommended that people limit their intake of added sugars to no more than 10 percent of alories eaten, a guideline poorly received by the Sugar Association, a trade group that has threatened to pressure Congr ess to scrap the United States $406 million contribution to WHO. ) By the last decade of the 20th Century, Americans had become much more adventuresome eaters. lxvi) kind of choice is nearly unbelievable. lxvii) Ethnic cuisine, once shunned, enjoys increasing popularity and the new foods introduced via that route add greatly to the variety of food choices. ) The turn off toward eating out of the home continues to grow in 1998, 47% of the food dollar was spent away from home. xviii) However, the concern for nutrition was higher than ever and that fact probably contributed to keeping some meals at home. ) Todays families seem busier than ever. lxix) Rushing between work and school often leaves parents scrambling for time to prepare nutritious, good-tasting meals for their children. ) In fact, 44 percent of U. S. weekday meals are prepared in 30 minutes or less. ) As the quality of our diets has deteriorated over the last 50 years, certain diseases have become rampant. Directly rela ted to food, you hear a lot of let loose about obesity-related problems in terms of diabetes, coronary artery disease and high blood pressure, and those happen in both men and women, lxx) Those are the general categories of ailments there are also many specific diet-related disorders. ) A majority of individuals are making less healthy food choices for better time management. ) Whether for good or bad, changes in diet and fittingness have morphed the way people live. ) In the 1960s, it was still common to correct a garden or a fruit tree for food. xxi) Nowadays, this is not the case in fact it is less common to grow a garden in the U. S than it was 50 years ago. ) Even quick, pop in the microwave oven or oven meals have become more popular, in spite of the fact that the invention of the TV dinner occurred in 1944. lxxii) Between working(a) and contrasted schedules, there are not as many home-cooked, healthy meals on the plates of children today. ) corpulency has reached epid emic proportions. lxxiii) In 2007 and 2008, 34 percent of Americans were obese and another 34 percent were overweight, according to the Center for Disease bidding and Prevention. xxiv) In 1960 and 1962, only about 14 percent of Americans were obese and 31. 5 percent were overweight. lxxv) Since 1976, the number of obese children from ages 2 to 5 has nearly doubled. ) In 2011, people are looking for weight loss at a quick pace with diet pills, diet shakes, surgery and different diets such as the cabbage soup diet. lxxvi) There are more fad diets and methods of weight loss than ever before. IV. Are food allergies on the rise? If so, why? a) The number of kids with food allergies went up 18 percent from 1997 to 2007, according to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ) About 3 million children younger than 18 had a food or digestive allergy in 2007, the CDC said. c) A recent study in the Journal of allergy and Clinical Immunology found that visits to the emergency roo m at Childrens Hospital Boston for hypersensitized reactions more than doubled from 2001 to 2006. i) Although this is just one hospital, the findings reflect a rise in food allergies seen in national reports, said Dr. Susan Rudders, lead author and pediatric allergist-immunologist in Providence, Rhode Island. d) One theory is that the Western diet has made people more amenable to developing allergies and other illnesses. i) The children in the African village live in a community that produces its own food. iii) The study authors say this is closer to how humans ate 10,000 years ago. iv) Their diet is mostly vegetarian. e) By contrast, the topical anaesthetic diet of European children contains more sugar, animal fat and calorie-dense foods. v) The study authors posit that these factors result in less bio variety show in the organisms found inside the gut of European children. f) The decrease in richness of gut bacteria in Westerners may have something to do with the rise in allerg ies in industrialise countries, said Dr.Paolo Lionetti of the department of pediatrics at Meyer Children Hospital at the University of Florence. vi) Sanitation measures and vaccines in the West may have controlled infected disease, but they decreased exposure to a variety of bacteria may have opened the door to these other ailments. g) Another theory is that children need to get loose to common allergens, such as nuts and shellfish, from a much earlier age, to forfend developing allergies. vii) Some doctors have been recommending postponement until 2 or 3, but Ferdman at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles is a proponent of bountiful kids nuts very early. iii) This could occur through detractorfeeding or an unintended exposure to highly processed foods in the Western diet that may contain hidden sources of the allergens. h) Cooking practices can also affect the schooling of food allergies. ix) For example, roasting a minor enhances its allergenic potential compared to other form s of preparing peanut. x) goober allergy is more common in the U. S. where peanuts are roasted, as compared to China where peanuts are boiled. V. Is the fast food exertion cause to be perceived our waistlines and our health? How? ) American emphasis on convenience and rapid consumption is best represented in fast foods such as hamburgers, French hot up, and soft drinks, which about all Americans have eaten. b) By the 1960s and 1970s fast foods became one of Americas strongest exports as franchises for McDonalds and Burger Kings spread through the world (Klem 443). c) The effect of fast food chains was infected they had become accepted in American society. d) Traditional meals cooked at home and consumed at a leisurely pace gave way to quick lunches and dinners eaten on the run as other countries mimicked American cultural patterns. ) In some ways, American food developments are contradictory. f) Americans are more aware of food quality, yet are still eating unhealthy foods due to their increasing dependance on convenience, and are also on a regular basis eating fast foods (Heymsfield 148). i) Its hard for people to give up traditions, states nutrition expert, Kathy Johnson. g) Spurlocks total immersion in fast food was a one-subject research study, and his bodys response a warning about the way we eat now. h) Super Size Me could be a credo for the United States, where people, like their automobiles, have become gargantuan. i) SUVs, big homes, penis enlargement, breast enlargement, bulking up with steroidsits a scene of everything acquire bigger, says K. Dun Gifford 60, LL. B. 66, president of the Oldways deliverance and Exchange Trust, a nonprofit composition specializing in food, diet, and nutrition education. i) Steven Gortmaker, professor of society, human development, and health at the School of Public Health, observes that the convenience-food culture is so ubiquitous that even conscientious parents have trouble control their children away from junk food. ii) You let your kids go on a play date, says the render of two, and they come home and say, We went to Burger King for lunch. j) He notes that on any given day, 30 percent of American children aged four to 19 eat fast food, and older and wealthier ones eat even more. k) Overall, 7 percent of the U. S. population visits McDonalds each day, and 20 to 25 percent eat in some kind of fast-food restaurant. v) But taking the family to McDonalds for, say, Chicken McNuggets, French fries, and a sugar-sweetened beveragea meal arch with calories, salt, trans fats (the most unhealthy, artery-clogging fats of all, typified in partially hydrogenated oils), deep-fried foods, starch, and sugarmakes Gortmaker shake his head. I cant imagine a worse meal for kids, he says. They call this a Happy Meal? l) Humans can eat convenient, refined, highly processed food with great speed, enabling them to consume an astonishing caloric loadliterally thousands of caloriesin minutes. ) Gortmaker, Ludwig, and colleagues did research comparing caloric intake on days when children ate in a fast-food restaurant to days when they did not they soaked up 126 calories more on fast-food days, which could translate into a weight gain of 13 pounds per year on fast food alone. m) Pumping up portion size makes good business sense, because the cost of ingredients like sugar and water for a carbonated soda is trivial, and customers perceive the bigger amount as delivering greater value. vi) When you have calories that are incredibly cheap, in a culture where bigger is better, thats a stark combination, says Walter Willett. ) Furthermore, Portion sizes have increased dramatically since the 1950s, says Beatrice Lorge Rogers 68, professor of economics and food form _or_ system of government at Tufts Universitys Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy. vii) For proof, consider a 1950s advertising jingle Pepsi-Cola hits the spot/12 full ounces, thats a lot. Well, its not a lot any m ore. o) For decades, 12 ounces (itself a move up from earlier 6. 5- and 10-ounce bottles) was the standard serving size for soft drinks. viii) But since the 1970s, soft drink bottles have grown to 20 and 24 ounces today, even one-liter (33. 8 ounce) bottles are marketed as single servings. ix) It doesnt stop there. The 7-11 convenience store chain offers a doubling Gulp cup filled with 64 ounces of ice and soda a half-gallon serving. Surely, the 128-ounce gal Guzzle is on the horizon. p) Soft drinks are becoming Americas preferred breakfast beverage, and specialty sandwiches and burritos for breakfast are fast-growing items, part of the trend toward eating out for all meals. q) The restaurant industrywhich employs 12 million workers (second only to government) and has communicate sales of $440. 1 billion this year, according to its national associationranks among the nations largest businesses. ) Today, Americans spend 49 cents of every food dollar on food eaten outside the home , where, according to Rogers, they consume 30 percent of their calories. x) That includes take-out food (which some parts of the restaurant industry now style as home meal replacement). s) In some ways, you can see obesity as the tip of the iceberg, sitting on top of huge societal issues, says Willett. xi) There are enormous pressures on homes with both the husband and wife in the work force. t) One reason things need to be fast is that Mom is not at home preparing meals and waiting for the kids to come home from school any more. ii) She is out there in the office all day, substitution home, and maybe working extra hours at night. xiii) This means heating something in the microwave or hitting the drive-through at McDonalds. u) There really is a time issuepeople do have less time. v) engineering may have intrench that passivity, while making food preparation easier and faster. w) Three Harvard economists, professors of economics Edward Glaeser and David Cutler, and graduate savant Jesse Shapiro, argued in a recent paper that improved technology has cut the time needed to prepare food, allowing us to eat more conveniently. iv) For example, in 1978, they note, only 8 percent of homes had microwave ovens, but 83 percent do today. Food that once took hours to prepare is now nuked in minutes. x) Technology can also change what we eat. xv) Potatoes used to be baked, boiled, or mashed the labor involved in peeling, cutting, and cooking French fries meant that few home cooks served them, the economists point out. xvi) But now factories prepare potatoes for frying and ship them to fast-food outlets or freeze them for microwave cooking at home. ) Americans ate 30 percent more potatoes between 1977 and 1995, most of that increase coming in the form of French fries and potato chips. z) In general, technology has enabled the food industry to do more of the work of preparing and cooking what we eat, increasing the proportion of processed victuals in the nations diet. xvii ) Frequently, processing also folds in more ingredients russet potatoes, for example, contain no added salt or oil, though most potato chips do. ) Within our laissez-faire system of food supply, the food vendors actions arent illegal, or even inherently immoral. viii) The food industrys major objective is to get us to intake more food, says Gortmaker. xix) And the TV industrys objective is to get us to watch more television, to be sedentary. ) Advertising is the action that keeps them both successful. xx) So youve got two huge industries being successful at what they are supposed to do creating more intake and less activity. xxi) And since larger people require more food energy just to sustain themselves, the food industry is growing a larger market for itself. ) That industry spends billions of dollars on research, says Willett. xii) They have carefully researched the exact levels of sweetness and nubbiness that will make every food as attractive as possible, he explains. xxiii) Each company is putting out its bait, trying to make it more attractive than its competitors. ) Food industry science is acquire better, more refined, and more powerful as we go along. xxiv) They do good sciencethey dont throw their notes down the drain. ) What we spend on nutrition education is only in the tens of millions of dollars annually. xxv) Theres a huge imbalance, and it tips more and more in favor of the food industry every year. Food executives like to say, Just educate the consumerwhen they create the want for healthier food, well supply it xxvi) Thats a bit disingenuous when you consider that they are already spending billions to educate consumers. ) The food industry itself has begun to make certain investments in the direction of healthier eating. xxvii) In the future, I see a convergence between food and health, says Goldberg. xxviii) The food industry has been warned of the kick back that could hit them, like it did tobacco. ) He suggests that the food indust ry will become more responsive to consumers health concerns regarding issues like bioengineered ingredients in foodstuffs. ) People want a diversity of sources for their food, and traceability of sources, he says. ) The bar code will become a vehicle not just for pricing, but for describing and listing ingredients. ) Even fast-food chains are changing in the past year, they reported a 16 percent growth in servings of main-dish salads. ) Willet sees no reason why healthy eating should not be as delicious and attractive as junk food, and the franchisers may be headed that way as well. xix) McDonalds is currently testing an adult meal that includes a pedometer and Step With It brochure along with any entree salad. In its kids meals, Wendys is trying out fruit cups with melon slices instead of French fries. xxx) yoghurt manufacturer Stonyfield Farm has launched a chain of healthful fast-food restaurants called ONaturals. ) Doritos themselves are getting healthier. xxxi) Fitness exper t Kenneth make, M. P. H. 62, founder of the Cooper Aerobics Center in Dallas, has been working with PepsiCos CEO, Steven S. Reinemund, to develop new products and transfigure existing items in a healthier direction. The companys Frito-Lay unit last year eliminated trans fats from its salty offerings. xxxii) Frito-Lay introduced organic, healthier versions of Doritos and Cheetos under the Natural sub-brand. xxxiii) As a result, 55 million pounds of trans fats will be removed from the American diet over the adjoining 12 months, Cooper says. ) PepsiCo is in cl countries, and many of their healthier products will soon be promoted throughout the world. ) Physical fitness is good business for the individual and for the corporation. ) PepsiCo sells plenty of food and beverages from vending machines, many of them in schools. xxiv) You dont resolve the obesity problem in children by taking the vending machines out of schools, Cooper declares. Kids will still get what they want. xxxv) Pu t better products in the machines and get physical education back in the schools. ) Accordingly, PepsiCo is stocking some school machines with fruit juices from its Tropicana and Dole brands, Gatorade, and Aquafina bottled water others offer Frito-Lay products that meet Coopers dissever I standard no trans fats and certified amounts of calories, fat, saturated fat, and sodium. Fast food has become a staple for many individuals. xxxvi) though fast food was developed in the 1930s, it has peaked in popularity during the past two decades. ) According to CBS HealthWatch, at least a quarter of all Americans eat at McDonalds once per day. 1) How have your own dietary practices changed over the years? 2) How have your dietary practices changed since taking a course in nutrition?