The Quick Definition of a Robot

A robot can be defined as a programmable, self-controlled device consisting of electronic, electrical, or mechanical units. More generally, it is a machine that functions in the place of a living agent. Robots are especially desirable for certain work functions because, unlike humans, they never get tired; they can endure physical conditions that are uncomfortable or even dangerous; they can operate in airless conditions; they do not get bored by repetition, and they cannot be distracted from the task at hand. The concept of robots is a very old one yet the actual word robot was invented in the 20th century from the Czechoslovakian word robota or robotnik meaning slave, servant, or forced labor. Robots dont have to look or act like humans but they do need to be flexible so they can perform different tasks. Early industrial robots handled radioactive material in atomic labs and were called master/slave manipulators. They were connected together with mechanical linkages and steel cables. Remote arm manipulators can now be moved by push buttons, switches or joysticks. Current robots have advanced sensory systems that process information and appear to function as if they have brains. Their brain is actually a form of computerized artificial intelligence (AI). AI allows a robot to perceive conditions and decide upon a course of action based on those conditions. Components of Robots Effectors — arms, legs, hands, feetSensors — parts that act like senses and can detect objects or things like heat and light and convert the object information into symbols that computers understandComputer — the brain that contains instructions called algorithms to control the robotEquipment — this includes tools and mechanical fixtures Characteristics that make robots different from regular machinery are that robots usually function by themselves, are sensitive to their environment, adapt to variations in the environment or to errors in prior performance, are task-oriented and often have the ability to try different methods to accomplish a task. Common industrial robots are generally heavy rigid devices limited to manufacturing. They operate in precisely structured environments and perform single highly repetitive tasks under pre-programmed control. There were an estimated 720,000 industrial robots in 1998. Tele-operated robots are used in semi-structured environments such as undersea and nuclear facilities. They perform non-repetitive tasks and have limited real-time control.

Dialectical Journals F Great Expectations - 2476 Words

Name: Courtney Tatrai Date : July 24, 2016 Period: Pre-AP English 1-H Dialectical Journals ~ Great Expectations Quote Commentary 1. â€Å"‘I tell you what, young fellow,’ said she, ‘I didn’t bring you up by hand to badger people’s lives out.’† (Dickens 14). 1. This quote shows unusual behavior for the time period present. In the Victorian times, it was the man’s duty to take care of the wife and children, or in other words- to take charge of the family in general. It was a sign of strength for men. Since Mrs. Joe is the one taking care of the family, which was commonly the husband’s job in this era, Joe is considered a weakness to his society and to his wife. This is because he is not taking charge for his family. The determination and strength coming from Mrs. Joe was also not very common either for women of the time. (109 words) 2. â€Å"Neither were my notions of the theological positions to which my Catechism bound me, at all accurate: for, I have a lively remembrance that I supposed my declaration that I was to ‘walk in the same all the days of my life,’ ... â€Å" (Dickens 42). 2. This quote represents how society in the Victorian times treated young men and women. In this time period, if you were rich everything would be wonderful and easy. If you were poor, however, then you wouldShow MoreRelatedSummer Reading2774 Words   |  12 Pagesclass: Several grades will be given for the summer reading. ïÆ'Ëœ Dialectical response journals for each book (rubric attached). ïÆ'Ëœ Exams on the assigned novels within the first days of school. ïÆ'Ëœ In class essay questions on each of the novels. 9th Grade Regulars and Honors - Reading Assignment: 1. Fiction novel: The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkein *12 Dialectical Journal Entries 2. Nonfiction: A Walk Across America by Peter Jenkins *12 Dialectical Journal Entries 10th Grade Regular and Honors - Reading Assignment:Read MoreEvidence Based Treatment : Coping With Ptsd For Veterans2132 Words   |  9 Pages Evidence Based Treatment: Coping with PTSD for Veterans Roy M. Macias Northern Arizona University A. In today s society, there is a great deal of research and practice about evidence based practice. Most of this is highly sought upon in the field of psychology, where evidence and decision making is key to accomplishing new ideas of treatments for people who retain psychiatric problems. The meaning of evidence-based practice in psychology is that it involves making very educated andRead MoreCom 321 Final Draft3227 Words   |  13 Pagesbehavior. This is apparent through a variety of everyday activities. For instance, there is a specific way a person should act at church, or in a work environment, although I have found this is not a rule for all people. I have been experiencing a great deal of stress at work due to the lack of professionalism, disrespectful attitudes, gossiping and drama. This type of behavior has greatly affected others attitudes and work related relationships. I absolutely believe language whether verbal, writtenRead MoreDiagnostic Paper on Joan Crawford237 6 Words   |  10 Pagestop of the cinema ranks becoming one of the most famous movie stars of all time (â€Å"American Legends,† 2013, loc.30). However, Crawford’s rags-to-riches course encompassed a post-war era pathology in which women attempted to breakthrough former expectations of gender roles in American society. In examining Joan’s life, there are many aspects that may have contributed to her personality and the complexities of behaviors that were both well known and those that are left to speculation including earlyRead MoreAdult Learning Essay 23808 Words   |  16 Pageschange the way they interact with and provide services for these individuals. In order to do so, higher education providers first need to fully comprehend adult learning. Stephen Brookfield (Tuinjman, 1995) states that â€Å"despite the plethora of journals, books and research conferences devoted to adult learning across the world, we are very far from a universal understanding o f adult learning†. Brookfield also mentions that adult learning is inherently joyful, and adults are innately self-directedRead MoreThe Starbucks Brandscape and Consumers10413 Words   |  42 Pagese-mail: zarsel@bus.wisc.edu. For many helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this research, the authors extend much appreciation to the editor, the Journal of Consumer Research reviewers, Doug Holt, J. Paul Peter, and the marketing faculties at the University of Tennessee—Knoxville and Southern Denmark University—Odense. 631 2004 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc. †¢ Vol. 31 †¢ December 2004 All rights reserved. 0093-5301/2004/3103-0015$l0.00 632 wielded by transnational corporadonsRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesinteractions in natural social settings. Even in studies using in-depth interviews, observation plays an important role as the researcher notes the interviewee’s body language and affect in addition to her words. It is, however, a method that requires a great deal of the researcher. Discomfort, uncomfortable ethical dilemmas and even danger, the difficulty of managing a relatively unobtrusive role, and the challenge of identifying the big picture while finely observing huge amounts of fast-moving and complexRead MoreHegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural Relationships Through Media Production8970 Words   |  36 Pages Hegemony As Condit (1994: 207) notes, hegemony as described by Gramsci is ‘an elaborate but incompletely developed political theory’, although Gramsci did attempt to spell it out concisely: [Hegemony is] the ‘spontaneous’ consent given by the great masses of the population to the general direction imposed on social life by the dominant fundamental group; this consent is ‘historically’ caused by the prestige (and consequent confidence) which the dominant group enjoys because of its position andRead MoreContemporary Management Issues9330 Words   |  38 Pagesare ‘dialectical. Ritualistic irony works as a safety valve that allows subordinates to let off steam in a manner that does not radically challenge the existent social order. Some sects of the medieval Church, for example, celebrated the ‘day of the ass once a year in which the figure of Jesus was replaced by a wooden ass and mockingly worshipped. Such a release provides a manageable outlet for tension and frustration, reinforcing the power of the Church for the rest of the year. Dialectical ironyRead MoreImperialism in India6601 Words   |  27 PagesIndian National Congress. (Mas ani, quoted in Wood, 32, 1989) There is no doubt that British imperialism had a large impact on India. India, having previously been an group of independent and semi-independent princedoms and territories, underwent great change under British administration. Originally intended to consolidate their hold on India by establishing a population that spoke the same language as their rulers, the British decision in the 1830s to educate Indians in a Western fashion, with English

Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism Free Essays

Renaissance Humanism is defined as â€Å"a literary and linguistic movement-an attempt to revive classical Latin (and later Greek), as well as the values and sensibilities that came with the language† (Hunt et al, 415). I think that Machiavelli was a humanist of his era because in his writing The Prince, he relied on history to provide a handbook to future rulers and princes. Machiavelli drew much of this guidebook from his past dealings with politicians and their self-ambitious monarchies. We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my opinion he wrote this guide to as a way to show future princes that the ways of the past should be adhered to in order for Italy to regain its prior glory. In The Prince Machiavelli uses many examples from history to show that we need to embrace the past in order to gain a prosperous future. Machiavelli’s, The Prince serves as a handbook to future rulers with their roles and responsibilities. Machiavelli begins his handbook with his view of princely virtues. He argues that in order for a person to be a good leader and stay in rule he must not just be a good person but that â€Å"he must learn how to not be good† (Lawall et al, 1951) in order to protect himself from anyone trying to overtake his rule. He must always be prepared and not make himself the â€Å"good guy† all the time. Machiavelli shows that being a good person all of the time will only allow for the bad people to overpower the good people, â€Å"because anyone who determines to act in all circumstances the part of a good man must come to ruin among so many who are not good† (Lawall et al, 1951). Machiavelli goes on to further his humanistic views on how a prince should be viewed by his people. He discusses the choices a person of power has in being â€Å"liberal† (1952) and generous or stingy. He goes on to say that being too liberal will bring a man of power to ruin and that being frugal is important. He explains that as long as a ruler â€Å"abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects† he will gain the respect of his people. He goes on to discuss that a ruler will be more respected if he is living and spending other people’s money. He discusses the examples set by Cyrus, Caesar, and Alexander in which they lived off â€Å"plunder, loot and ransom† (1953). These three rulers were spending the â€Å"money of others† (1953) and therefore were not hurting themselves by having to spend what was already theirs. Machiavelli goes on to explain that â€Å"nothing eats itself up as fast as does liberality† (1953) because when practiced it can lead to poverty and will make a ruler have to raise taxes which will in turn bring hatred on by his people (1953). Machiavelli also discusses the importance of being feared and loved as well as, being thought of as cruel but compassionate all at the same time. He uses Dido and Borgia as examples. Borgia is used as the example for cruelty. He says that because Borgia was so cruel his cruelness brought prosperity and unity to Romagna and therefore was prosperous because of the fear that he instilled in his people. But because his Senate was too â€Å"compassionate† he lost his clout (1954). Machiavelli also explains that a new prince is going to face several challenges and because of this will be faced to make very hard decisions that may or may not hurt his reputation among his people. Here he uses Virgil’s Dido as an example, â€Å"Hard circumstances and the newness of my realm force me to do such things, and to keep watch over all my lands† (1954). From these examples, Machiavelli is telling his reader that as a prince they must be flexible and show cruelty or compassion when needed in any situation. Machiavelli goes on to state that a prince should â€Å"be slow in believing and acting, and should make no one afraid of him†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦so that â€Å"too much confidence does not make him incautious, and too much suspicion does not make him unbearable† (1954). This is the way to keep support from his people and will not turn their backs on him when the going gets tough. Renaissance Humanism is defined as â€Å"a literary and linguistic movement-an attempt to revive classical Latin (and later Greek), as well as the values and sensibilities that came with the language† (Hunt et al, 415). Machiavelli’s The Prince was essentially a handbook for how a Prince should portray himself but could also be seen as a day to day handbook by the everyday people of his time for they were all faced with the same moral decisions on a daily basis. Machiavelli used The Prince as a gateway to create a moral and philosophical guide for all people in general and uses examples from history to show that the past needs to be embraced in order to gain a prosperous future. How to cite Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism, Papers

Hard Times- Dickens [Education] free essay sample

â€Å"I am as proud as you are. I am just as proud as you are. † Dickens is an intrusive narrator who comments on the characters through their dialogues and thoughts. Through the above lines, uttered by Bounderby, Dickens presents his observations of an age in which religion, taking a simplistic view, is the â€Å"opium of the masses†, and is mostly considered to have no relation with the material world. In Christianity, pride is one of the Seven Deadly Sins and is usually considered the originator of the other six. Lucifer’s pride led him to compete with God and eventually caused his fall from heaven, and resultant metamorphosis into Satan. However, through Bounderby’s statement, it is made clear that this â€Å"bully of humility†, considers pride a virtue. He has an inordinate love for the self, which shines through his constant reiteration of his progress from a â€Å"gutter snipe† to the â€Å"self-made man† that he considers himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Hard Times- Dickens [Education] or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bonderby’s supreme belief in himself and his abilities is also a comment on the age itself. The novel is set in the age of industrialization wherein mechanical mindsets were beginning to take the place of the spiritual. All aesthetics and fancies were considered â€Å"nonsense†, and the invention of various machines gave man the sense that he had controlled nature. This led to a growing pride in the abilities of men, and divine interventions were relegated to fairy-tales which the children were not allowed to read as they were too â€Å"fanciful†. Religion became devoid of purpose of purpose and was embroiled in monotony and commodification. Dickens through Bounderby’s pride is his pride laments this down-gradation of God. As Bounderby’s name suggests, he is bound by his class and convictions in his own superiority. He shows no sympathy for the poor, even though he himself has experienced poverty, and instead insults their abilities by saying â€Å"what I can do, you can do†. He negates the individual identities of the people of Coketown, and fails to appreciate the importance of difference of aspirations and capabilities. He practices reductionism, reducing every person he meets down to Economic terms. He is not acquainted with Mr. James Harthouse, and therefore, his attempt at getting on â€Å"equal terms† with him seems only class related. For him, his position in society is almost a moral virtue, and he considers himself equal to other men only though equality in social status. Cut-off Bounderby has been unable to from his poverty-stricken childhood, which is a matter of contempt for Dickens. His is completely unable to empathize with the less fortunate. Having risen himself from the ranks of the poor, he seems to have developed the hypocrisy of the rich, believing that the objective of all â€Å"Hands† in Coketown is to be fed on â€Å"turtle soup and venison with a gold spoon†. He is completely devoid of one of the most important Christian virtues; that of humility. However, Dickens suitably compensates Bounderby for his â€Å"sin†. He dies alone, in the street, mourned by none. He loses his wife, who is so desperate to be free of him that she almost elopes with another man, as well as the only connection he had had with another human; the friendship of Mr. Gradgrind. He is exposed as a liar, and disgraced throughout Coketown, and even in death has to suffer the ignominy of a contested will. The book lives up to the well known adage; pride goeth before the fall.

Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Example

Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria Essay Effect of I. T on Accounting System in Nigeria 1. 0 Introduction Information Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. Information technology (IT) has created significant benefits for various profession as well as deferent aspect of the world economy. The application of the networks system has shortened the lead time needed by accountants to prepare and present financial information to management and stakeholders. Not only has IT shortened the lead time required to present financial information, but has also improved the overall efficiency and accuracy of the information. Advances in Information Technology (IT) have transformed many firms in professional services industries, but perhaps none as much as those in the public accounting industry. Once a slow-paced and conservative industry, public accounting underwent tremendous changes at the turn of the millennium, sparked largely by the rapid changes in its IT environment (Elliott 2000). Audit software and knowledge-sharing applications are two crucial components of these changes. Automation of audit tasks and use of specialized audit software has substituted IT for labor and changed the structure of audit teams. Equally important is the use of advanced systems to share knowledge bases across different parts of the organization that has enabled professional services firms to leverage their human resources more effectively (Gogan et al. 1995). With rapid advances in IT, numerous articles have appeared in practitioner-oriented accounting journals that discuss how to invest in IT to keep up with the current technology (Smith 1997; Zarowin 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of I.T on Accounting System in Nigeria specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The pace of change brought by new technologies has had a significant effect on the way people live, work, and play worldwide. Information technology, while an important area of study in its own right, is having a major impact across all curriculum areas. Easy worldwide communication provides access to a vast array of data, challenging assimilation and assessment skills. In keeping with their complex nature and multiple applications, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) may be viewed in different ways. The World Bank defines ICTs as â€Å"the set of activities which facilitate by electronic means the processing, transmission and display of information† (Rodriguez and Wilson, 2000). ICTs â€Å"refers to technologies people use to share, distribute, gather information and to communicate through computers and computer networks† (ESCAP, 2000). ICTs can be described as a complex varied set of goods, applications and services used for producing, distributing, processing, transforming information- (including) telecoms, TV and radio broadcasting, hardware and software, computer services and electronic media† (Marcelle, 2000). ICTs represent a cluster of associated technologies defined by their functional usage in information access and communication, of which one embodiment is the Internet. Hargittai (1999) defines the Internet technically and functionally as follows: â€Å"the Internet is a worldwide network of computers, but sociologically it is also important to consider it as a network of people using computers that make vast amounts of information available. Accounting as a broad field that involves several subjects and where several theories and modern technological tools are being applied has experienced several changes from such aspects as theories, principles and conventions as well as in the aspect of technology. The modern world also change as a result of several factors such as education, technology etc. The changes in different aspect of the globe are traceable to the invention and application of technology. The extent to which technology affected organizations, the modern society and individuals has attracted considerable attention. The computer installations are widely distributed in universities, government departments and agencies, banks, commercial establishments, and industries. It must be realized that the private sector has, however, risen to a position of dominance in the use of computers. 1. 1Background to the Study History of I. C. T in Nigeria In Nigeria, the ICT space is still a twin with a clearly fast-paced telecommunication sector and growing Information Technology section with respected reports often citing Nigeria’s Telecommunication market as one of the fastest growing globally. The Nigeria telecommunication industry is now over 100 years old. But it was only in 1999 that National Policy on Telecommunication was launched. A national Policy on Information Technology followed in 2001. Along with the establishment of the National Information Technology development Agent under the Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (Data and Sesan 2003). Nigeria is also one the countries in Africa that has benefited from support from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa in the area of National Information and Communication Infrastructure (NICI) policy. Even though, the discussion on the need to harmonized the various aspect of the nation’s ICT space met with initial skepticism and is only now being discussed at the level of National consultative group that it set to deliver and an ICT for development spurred on by Nigerians’ participation in world summits on the information Society process which helped shed more on the need for Nigeria to benefit from the undeniable convergence that has brought Information Technology. Telecommunication and content together for good. In a bid to establish it seriousness about ICT harmonization, the Federal Government set up a 26 man presidential task force. On the 22nd of August 2006, the task force was saddled with the responsibility of restructuring government institutions and organizations in the Telecommunication and Information Technology sector in Nigeria. It worth of note that till date, the nation’s telecommunication sector has shown leadership in the nation’s overall ICT role. In December 2000, Nigeria had 450,000 connected fixed lines, no connected digital mobile line, one national carrier eight (18) operation Internet service providers, Nine (9) active licensed fixed-line operators, and one licensed mobile operator (Ndukwe 2005). In same period, Nigeria had 200,000 internet users (internet world Statistic, 2005). Even though many expert disagreed with the figures. The reasons for the disagreement is not far from the fact that there always multiple users form the public terminals in the popular cyber cafes that dot the entire landscape, especially in the major cities across the various regions of the country. Private investments in the ICT also rose from an almost zero value to about four billion dollar ($4,000,000,000) between 1999 and 2003 (Ndukwe, 2005). Nigeria’s ICT space has improved significantly from 400,000 line in 1996 to over 14 million lines in 2005 owing to independent regulation through the Nigeria Communication Commission, private sector participation on broadened competition. 1. 2Statement of the Problem Long ago, Accountants in Nigeria carried out there professional duty of recording and reporting financial statement undergo extraordinary task of paper work and filling of documents that is prone to misplacement, time consuming, human error in computation of figures and several other financial datum to mention but just few. The introduction of computer services has created its own problems which rage from the type of installation, the employment of qualified personnel to operate them, the cost of installation and maintenance and cost of software packages etc. The act of manipulating company’s account in order to make the company performance appeals more favourable than it is actually are (window dressing or creative accounting) is in practiced. The Nigeria banking sector has recorded numerous numbers of financial irregularities a problem that the Nation in general still hunt for it solution. This research work therefore intends to investigate how and to what extent has information technology contribute to the numerous financial irregularities reported daily? To what extend has technology shift the application of accounting principle and conventions in terms of manual recording of transactions? Is there any significant difference between the pre-era and the era of technology in accounting as a profession? To what extent has the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, programs, and systems contributed to the growth and development of accounting? 1. 3The Purpose of the Study The main purpose of this research work is to ascertain: i)The effect of the application of Information Technology on accounting profession in Nigeria. ii)The factors influencing changes in accounting system. iii)The likely effect of Information Technology on Accountant roles in the future. 1. Significant of the Study The main purpose of this research work is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the impact/ effect of Information Technology on Accounting System and Development in Nigeria. The study/ research work will no doubt benefit the following group i)The users of financial statements ii)The professional accountants iii)The undergraduate accounting students iv)Financi al organizations 1. 5 Scope of the study In this work, among other researches that will be included, attention will be mainly on the following areas a)The traditional role of accounting and accountants )Methods of recording transaction c)Presentation and analysis financial information as well as interpretation. d) The importance and relevancies of the technological tools, machines, techniques, programs (software packages) in performing above functions. 1. 6Research Questions (1)To what extent does Information Technology affect the Accounting principles and conventions? (2)To what extent does application of Information Technology contribute to financial crimes reported on daily basis? 3)To what extent does Information Technology contribute to the reliability of accounting productivity? Operational Definition of Terms Computer: A computer can be defined as an electronic machine that can accept data as input, process it, store and produce result as an output or an information. Informat ion Technology: Computer based information management systems allowing a financial institution to collect information from many different sources and develop a composite picture about its customers, its market position in different financial centres, and its net exposure in those markets. Profession: A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. Accounting: Accounting is the process of recording; classifying, selecting, measuring, interpreting and commutation of financial data of an organization to enable users make assessments and decision. It is a discipline which comprises a set of theories and concepts for processing financial data. Auditing: Auditing is an independent examination and investigation of the books of account and vouchers of a business with a view of enabling the auditors to report whether the balance sheet and profit and loss account are properly drawn up so as to show a true and fair view of the state of affairs and the profit or loss of the business according to the best of the information and explanation obtained by the auditor(s). Automated Teller Machine: Device used by bank customers to process account transactions. Typically, a user inserts into the ATM a special plastic card that is encoded with information on a magnetic strip. The strip contains an identification code that is transmitted to the banks central computer by modem. Internet: a worldwide network of computers. Hardware: are component devices which are typically installed into or peripheral to a computer case to create a personal computer upon which system software is installed including a firmware interface such as a BIOS and an operating system which supports application software that performs the operators desired functions. Softcopy is the unprinted digital document file. This term is often contrasted with hard copy. It can usually be viewed through an appropriate editing program, such as word processing programs, database programs, or presentation software, depending on the file type Input is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. Output: Information obtained from computer e. g. line printer, visual display unit (VDU). Effect: The powerful impact that something (computer or non computer) has on another thing, say Accounting profession. Data: This unprocessed fact from which information is processed. Financial Information: The information stating the amount (N) a transaction existing between a fir and its clients or customer at a given period of time. Sources of financial information are invoice, receipt, debit and credit notes, etc. Financial Statement: This statement showing the assets and liabilities and the financial position of a firm at the end of an accounting period. Window Dressing: The act of manipulating company’s account in order to make the company performance appeals more favourable than it is actually are. Reference: L. A. Ogunsola and W. A. Aboyade Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria: Revolution or Evolution,Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria http://www. infoplease. com Thomas P. Fitch: Banking Dictionary: Dictionary of Banking Terms, 5th Edition, published by Barrons Educational Series, Inc. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb: New Statesman, 21 April 1917, article by the UK Competition Commission, dated 8 November 1977, Kaka O. A, Arowolo O. A, Olufowobi, A. J, Longe O. B. (2008): Basic Computer Operations Their Applications, Published by Boskay Computer Services

Criminal Justice Research Paper Writing Guide for the Bravest Students

Criminal Justice Research Paper Writing Guide for the Bravest Students Criminal justice is one of the most important academic disciplines in the faculty of social science. Enrolment in criminal justice studies keeps on increasing each year. In the year 2016, more than a hundred thousand students in the United States graduated with a degree/diploma in criminal justice. This number has steadily been increasing since 2010, which shows increased interest in the study of crime and criminal-related activities. There are different career paths in criminal justice. Some of the major areas in criminal justice include: Ideology and history:   criminology, the architecture of prisons, competition definitions of justice, Victims’ rights and families, restorative justice, reforms versus punishment among others. Life in prison: incarceration rates, recidivism, prisoner abuse, rehabilitation and education among others. Criminal justice and money: prison labor, private prisons, white-collar crime, and fraud and so on. Policies, procedure and laws: Three strike rules, mandatory sentencing, jury selection, and jury nullification. Race and racism: Racial profiling, White supremacy and hate crimes among others. Criminal justice and community: juvenile justice, activism among others. From the above topics, criminal justice covers every aspect that touches on our lives. As a criminal justice student, you must be able to understand these topics and emergent issues related to them. We can synthesize the topics listed above and understand ways in which they affect us is by conducting a research study. Research studies are the heart of any academic discipline. The main reason why we spend time analyzing different issues that affect our lives in the society is to develop better interventions that can help address them. Criminal justice research studies enable us to acutely understand the problem and develop positive solutions. In several occasions, your instructor will ask you to write a criminal justice research paper that comprehensively discusses a problem. You need positive skills on how to prepare, organize and write an effective criminal justice research paper in order to pass the course. It is important to point out that a research paper is different from other types of writing such as a term paper or an essay. This piece offers you a step-by-step guide on how to write a criminal justice research paper the best way possible. Purpose of Writing a Research Paper in Criminal Justice Studies First, it is important to outline some of the reasons why you should take your research paper seriously. Writing a research paper serves important purposes in the field of criminal justice. Below are some of the reasons for writing a criminal justice research paper: Solving a Mystery: As previously explained, the field of criminal justice is full of unsolved problems. Not so much is known about why people commit a crime or the underlying reasons why some children from some certain social backgrounds are more predisposed to criminal acts than others. You get to solve these mysteries when you write a research paper. In other words, you want to provide answers to questions that you and other people including the law enforcers have concerning different issues. Sharing â€Å"Intelligence†: You will be hearing the phrase â€Å"sharing intelligence† more often than you think in your career as a law-enforcer. It simply means that you distribute the information or insight you have about an issue with the rest of the criminal justice system. This is exactly what you are expected to do during your academic research work. You write research papers to share what you have discovered about a criminal justice issue with the rest of the world. For instance, you may need to share your ideas and suggestions on the issue of the death penalty or child pornography with the relevant policy-makers in order to guide them on their decision-making process. We can only know about what you think about an issue through your research papers. Earn Grades: Writing a research paper is a prerequisite condition for earning grades in criminal justice studies. Your professor needs to assess you based on your ability to identify and synthesize a problem and articulately present a solution. It is necessary to get the results right for better grades. Pre-Writing Tips Reflect: Before you embark on writing, you must take some time and reflect. Try to think of the purpose of the research and the value it seeks to bring to you as a criminal justice professional. Besides earning the grades, you should appreciate the broader purpose of your research paper. Reflect on questions like: who would benefit from my research paper? How would it solve a social problem and make the society a better place? Brainstorm: In this case, brainstorming is different from reflection. Reflection is more about looking at the bigger purpose of the activity and relating it to your personal and professional objectives. On the other hand, brainstorming is topic-based. You should endeavor to brainstorm about the topic and the research question that you have while taking notes. If you are discussing the influence of the prison systems on individual behaviors, attempt to write the random ideas that come to your mind down.   This will help in your proceeding research writing steps. Consult: Understand and appreciate the fact that no one is a custodian of knowledge. The problem you wish to solve may have been elusive for a long time. You need ideas and suggestions from different people. Be humble enough to seek support from your professors, peers and even external sources such as lawyers, security consultants and others. Research: A research paper requires an extensive exploration of issues that surround the research question. You must consult different primary and secondary sources. Select the databases that have the most relevant information that relates to the topic you intend to explore. Format and Structure The number of components in a criminal justice research paper may vary depending on the nature of the study. However, most research paper often includes the introduction, literature review, findings, discussion, conclusion and recommendations. The introduction contains the general background of the problem, the research question, research objectives, purpose of the study and thesis statement. In the literature review section, you are expected to report on and discuss the findings of different past empirical studies. Try to show how scholars argue and counter-argue on the research problem. Methodology section specifies the data collection methods, research design participants among other element. The findings sections comprise the results of your study. Include what you have discovered from the review of the literature and from the primary sources. The discussion includes the interpretation of the findings as well as implications. The conclusion and recommendation section recaps on the research problem, the thesis statement and summarizes the findings before suggesting the way forward. Steps in Research Writing Process: How Our Writers Work on Criminal Justice Research Papers Developing your paper from a folder of brainstormed ideas to a fully polished research paper requires a critical attention to different aspects. It is important to point out that not every criminal justice research paper are the same. However, they all follow a similar process that begins by choosing a topic and ends in editing and proofreading the final copy. The steps include: Choosing a suitable topic; Planning and schedule how to research and write the paper; Conducting an extensive research; Organizing the data collected; Drafting your research paper; Editing and proofreading the paper. Step One: Choosing a Topic Do not forget the importance of a research topic in any research paper that you will ever write in criminal justice. Your professor will spend as much as they want on rejecting your topic until you get it right. You need a topic that is relevant, appropriate and researchable. The aim of your research is to identify a problem, analyze it and suggests solutions. This implies that your topic must be linked to the research question that you have. As previously noted, criminal justice is a wide area of study with numerous topics to research on. Do not limit yourself when developing a topic. Frame your research question in a way that allows you to classify in a broader system of topics. Some of the topics you can focus on include: Gang identify Cybercrime Police brutality Political prisoners Drug war Death penalty Sexual crimes Domestic violence Immigration issues Civil rights Censorship Step Two: Planning and Scheduling Scientific research studies are often tentative. You must take your time and plan well on how you will go about the whole process. Take your time and develop a research plan and schedule that will guide on how to collect the required data, analyze and write the research paper. The reason for this scheduling is because you do not need to be overwhelmed with a lot of work when the deadline approaches. You need to allocate enough time for every activity to ensure that you meet all your objectives. You should also organize the tools and resources that you will require to complete your research process. For instance, you should state when and where you would conduct your consultations. Research projects in criminal justice may run for weeks or even months. This means you may need to organize yourself for the daunting task. Tip: Allocate adequate time for demanding tasks. Step Three: Conducting Research Unlike essays or term papers, a research paper requires â€Å"hard evidence†. You must understand that your opinion may only matter if it is supported by facts. You need to go out and find these facts and evidence to support your arguments. You will most likely use primary and secondary sources. These may include books, journals, research reports, periodical, news articles, and interviews among others. Be careful to include only those that are credible and authoritative. The primary sources should provide your research with first-hand data. For instance, your interview with an inmate may present real-life experiences in prisons. In most cases, surveys are used in criminal justice research studies because they are convenient and guarantee confidentiality. Tip: Try to evaluate the reliability and credibility of your sources. The credibility of your research paper is likely to be compromised if the sources you use are fake or unreliable. Step Four: Organizing Research Data and Findings The work is not done until you have noted down the findings in an organized manner in your paper. You will need to decide which sources you should include in your paper. You will also be required to evaluate the information you have acquired and determine whether they support your hypothesis. Depending on what you deem right, you may decide to modify your thesis or conduct more research to find evidence that supports your position. Tip: You should not stick to the initial thesis that you set in the beginning if the evidence you have contradicts it. Be free to change your thesis until the evidence you have positively supports it. It would wrong to attempt to force the evidence you collected to fit your thesis. Step Five:   Drafting your Research Paper Once you have completed step 4 above, you are now ready to bring together your research findings with your critical analysis in your first draft. Use the data and arguments by scholars in previous studies to develop your thesis. It is important that you discuss each source in detail and properly cite them as you try to support your thesis. Do not forget to adhere to the standard conventions when citing your sources. For most criminal justice papers, your lecturer will often ask you to use the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. However, this does not mean you cannot have instances where you are required to use other conventions like MLA or Harvard styles. Tip: Never forget to properly acknowledge every source from where you obtained an idea. Plagiarism is a very serious academic and legal offense! Step 6: When you are done writing, edit and proofread! You do not want to submit a research paper that has information you are not aware of. To ensure your idea, findings and arguments are well reflected in the paper, proofread. You need to take at least an hour after drafting the paper before you revisit it. You may also divide the proofreading sessions into three. The first may involve going through the introduction. In the second session, you may need to handle the main body and the last session you edit the conclusion and recommendations. It is necessary to share the paper with a friend or classmate for purposes of peer review. Key Takeaways from Our Writing Experts: Research papers are very important in the criminal justice studies. You need to write research papers for academic and professional purposes. Writing a research paper involves six fundamental steps. It begins with choosing a topic and ends in proofreading the final work. A research paper may have different parts depending on the nature of the study. However, the common ones involve introduction, literature review, findings, discussion, conclusion, and recommendations.

David Christopher, Orthopedic Surgeon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

David Christopher, Orthopedic Surgeon - Essay Example e second to most in demand whereas surgeon B takes as long as 60 minutes for the most required and the second to most required surgery that he executes. In addition, surgeon B is more skilled as he does surgeries of a greater variety as compared to the surgeon A. Keeping these facts into consideration, one way for Dr. Christopher to increase the patient throughput and accordingly the revenues without compromising upon the quality of care is to add a surgeon who is skilled in the surgeries of ACL ligament repair, Achilles tendon repair, and knee replacement since these are the surgeries with a lot of demand. The second approach can be to use the surgeons A and B only for the surgeries that are more in demand and stop doing surgeries in areas that have no demand. The record shows that no patient has been scheduled for the surgeries of big toe replacement and fractured hip, so the changeover time of 45 minutes consumed by surgeon A and B in these surgeries can be utilized more efficiently by doing more surgeries of ACL ligament repair that, though Dr. Christopher needs to train surgeon A to perform this surgery. Dr. Christopher can also increase the revenues without compromising upon the quality of service by better management of time. Presently, the surgeries are done only from 7:00 am to 12:00 noon whereas in the time thereafter, patients are seen either in the hospital or the clinic. After noon till break-off, there is plenty of time that can be availed in actually performing surgeries rather than just checking patients. At least, this time can be used to perform the surgeries that take equal to or less than 1 hour to perform and are high in demand like the ACL ligament repair surgery, the Achilles tendon repair surgery or the rotator cuff repair surgery. Yet another way is to keep the number of surgeons the same but divide the surgeries between before noon and after noon time depending upon the time they take. For example, Dr. Christopher should make the